一: Java 字节代码的组织形式
类文件 {
OxCAFEBABE ,小版本号,大版本号,常量池大小,常量池数组,访问控制标记,当前类信息,父类信息,实现的接口个数,实现的接口信息数组,域个数,域信息数组,方法个数,方法信息数组,属性个数,属性信息数组
}
二: 查看方法 --- javap 命令
例子:有一个 Java 类 Demo.java
public class Demo {
private String str1;
private String str2;
private int num1;
private int num2;
public static final String STATIC_DATA = "hello world";
private void sayHello1(){
System.out.println("this is method1...");
}
private void sayHello2(){
System.out.println("this is method2...");
}
public void sayHello3(){
System.out.println("this is method3...");
}
}
通过 jdk 自带的反编译工具命令 javap 可以查看 class 文件的字节码信息
D:\>javap -verbose Demo >> Demo.txt
Demo.txt :
Compiled from "Demo.java" public class Demo extends java.lang.Object SourceFile: "Demo.java" minor version: 0 major version: 49 Constant pool: const #1 = class #2; // Demo const #2 = Asciz Demo; const #3 = class #4; // java/lang/Object const #4 = Asciz java/lang/Object; const #5 = Asciz str1; const #6 = Asciz Ljava/lang/String;; const #7 = Asciz str2; const #8 = Asciz num1; const #9 = Asciz I; const #10 = Asciz num2; const #11 = Asciz STATIC_DATA; const #12 = Asciz ConstantValue; const #13 = String #14; // hello world const #14 = Asciz hello world; const #15 = Asciz <init>; const #16 = Asciz ()V; const #17 = Asciz Code; const #18 = Method #3.#19; // java/lang/Object."<init>":()V const #19 = NameAndType #15:#16;// "<init>":()V const #20 = Asciz LineNumberTable; const #21 = Asciz LocalVariableTable; const #22 = Asciz this; const #23 = Asciz LDemo;; const #24 = Asciz sayHello1; const #25 = Field #26.#28; // java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream; const #26 = class #27; // java/lang/System const #27 = Asciz java/lang/System; const #28 = NameAndType #29:#30;// out:Ljava/io/PrintStream; const #29 = Asciz out; const #30 = Asciz Ljava/io/PrintStream;; const #31 = String #32; // this is method1... const #32 = Asciz this is method1...; const #33 = Method #34.#36; // java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V const #34 = class #35; // java/io/PrintStream const #35 = Asciz java/io/PrintStream; const #36 = NameAndType #37:#38;// println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V const #37 = Asciz println; const #38 = Asciz (Ljava/lang/String;)V; const #39 = Asciz sayHello2; const #40 = String #41; // this is method2... const #41 = Asciz this is method2...; const #42 = Asciz sayHello3; const #43 = String #44; // this is method3... const #44 = Asciz this is method3...; const #45 = Asciz SourceFile; const #46 = Asciz Demo.java; { public static final java.lang.String STATIC_DATA; Constant value: String hello world public Demo(); Code: Stack=1, Locals=1, Args_size=1 0: aload_0 1: invokespecial #18; //Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V 4: return LineNumberTable: line 2: 0 LocalVariableTable: Start Length Slot Name Signature 0 5 0 this LDemo; public void sayHello3(); Code: Stack=2, Locals=1, Args_size=1 0: getstatic #25; //Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream; 3: ldc #43; //String this is method3... 5: invokevirtual #33; //Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V 8: return LineNumberTable: line 17: 0 line 18: 8 LocalVariableTable: Start Length Slot Name Signature 0 9 0 this LDemo; }
解析:
1. 版本号 major version: 49 //java 版本 jdk1.6 显示的是 50 , jdk1.5 显示的是 49 , jdk1.4 显示的是 58 , 高版本能执行低版本的 class 文件
2. 常量池 Constant pool
Method :方法
Field :字段
String :字符串
Asciz :签名如<init> 由jvm 调用,其他是不能够去调用它的
NameAndType :变量名的类型
Class :类
通过字节码,我们可以看到 Demo 类 继承于 java.lang.Object ,如果类中没有显式声明构造函数的话,编译器会插入一个缺省无参的构造函数 ( 构造函数在 JVM 级别是显示成 <init> 的普通函数 ) 。
三: 检测代码的效率问题
学习 Java 的过程中,都会了解到字符串合并时要用到 StringBuffer 来代替 String ,那下面就来通过 Java 字节码来验证两种方式的效率性。
例子:一个 Java 类 TestString.java
public class TestString {
public String testString(String str1, String str2){
return str1 + str2;
}
public String testStringBuffer(StringBuffer sb, String str){
return sb.append(str).toString();
}
}
javap –c TestString 后字节码信息:
Compiled from "TestString.java"
public class TestString extends java.lang.Object{
public TestString();
Code:
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #8; //Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
4: return
public java.lang.String testString(java.lang.String, java.lang.String);
Code:
0: new #16; //class java/lang/StringBuilder
3: dup
4: aload_1
5: invokestatic #18; //Method java/lang/String.valueOf:(Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/String;
8: invokespecial #24; //Method java/lang/StringBuilder."<init>":(Ljava/lang/String;)V
11: aload_2
12: invokevirtual #27; //Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
15: invokevirtual #31; //Method java/lang/StringBuilder.toString:()Ljava/lang/String;
18: areturn
public java.lang.String testStringBuffer(java.lang.StringBuffer, java.lang.String);
Code:
0: aload_1
1: aload_2
2: invokevirtual #40; //Method java/lang/StringBuffer.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuffer;
5: invokevirtual #45; //Method java/lang/StringBuffer.toString:()Ljava/lang/String;
8: areturn
}
从上面编译后的字节码信息可以看出来,方法testString 调用了五个方法:new 、invokestatic 、invokespecial 和两个invokevirtual ; 而testStringBuffer 方法只调用了两个invokevirtual 方法。第一个方法比第二个方法多做了好多工作,其效率当然是要低的。而且我们从java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
可以看出来其实对于String 字符串合并,内部还是转化为StringBuilder 的方法调用,这是因为String 是长度不可变的,所以不如直接采用StringBuilder (与StringBuffer 长度都是可变的,只不过前者是非线程安全,后者是线程安全)进行字符串合并。