C中的字符串

摘别人的，记录一下：

重点：

C语言中没有数组，但是可以用char array代替。

在创建char array时，如果赋值双引号意味着创建string类型，会在末尾自动增加\0用以区别字符串的末尾。

sizeof（）函数计算字符串长度，包括结尾的\0

srtlen（）函数计算字符的个数，不包括结尾的\0

char string[]="111";

字符串的名称string代表首元素的地址，&string 也代表字符串的首地址，但表征异议不同，一个代表元素的首地址，一个代表整体的首地址。如果进行加一运算的时候编译器会做处理如下：

string+1 指向字符串中第二个元素的地址

&string+1指向字符串后面变量的地址，会跳过整个字符串

Strings

Strings are used for storing text/characters.

For example, "Hello World" is a string of characters.

Unlike many other programming languages, C does not have a String type to easily create string variables. However, you can use the char type and create an array of characters to make a string in C:

char greetings[] = "Hello World!";

Note that you have to use double quotes.

To output the string, you can use the printf() function together with the format specifier %s to tell C that we are now working with strings:

Example

char greetings[] = "Hello World!";
printf("%s", greetings);

Try it Yourself »

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Access Strings

Since strings are actually arrays in C, you can access a string by referring to its index number inside square brackets [].

This example prints the first character (0) in greetings:

Example

char greetings[] = "Hello World!";
printf("%c", greetings[0]);

Try it Yourself »

Note that we have to use the %c format specifier to print a single character.

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Modify Strings

To change the value of a specific character in a string, refer to the index number, and use single quotes:

Example

char greetings[] = "Hello World!";
greetings[0] = 'J';
printf("%s", greetings);
// Outputs Jello World! instead of Hello World!

Try it Yourself »

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Another Way Of Creating Strings

In the examples above, we used a "string literal" to create a string variable. This is the easiest way to create a string in C.

You should also note that you can to create a string with a set of characters. This example will produce the same result as the one above:

Example

char greetings[] = {'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', ' ', 'W', 'o', 'r', 'l', 'd', '!', '\0'};
printf("%s", greetings);

Try it Yourself »

Why do we include the \0 character at the end? This is known as the "null termininating character", and must be included when creating strings using this method. It tells C that this is the end of the string.

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Differences

The difference between the two ways of creating strings, is that the first method is easier to write, and you do not have to include the \0 character, as C will do it for you.

You should note that the size of both arrays is the same: They both have 13 characters (space also counts as a character by the way), including the \0 character:

Example

char greetings[] = {'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', ' ', 'W', 'o', 'r', 'l', 'd', '!', '\0'};
char greetings2[] = "Hello World!";

printf("%lu\n", sizeof(greetings));   // Outputs 13
printf("%lu\n", sizeof(greetings2));  // Outputs 13

#include<stdio.h>

int main()

{

    int arr[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 };//数组随着下标的增长，地址是由低到高变化点

    printf("%p\n",arr);

    数组名就是数组首元素地址，是一样的。见附图1

    printf("%p\n",&arr[0]);

    但有两个意外

    1.sizeof(数组名) - 数组名表示整个数组 ，计算的是整个数组的大小，单位为字节（byte）

    int sz = sizeof(arr);

    printf("%d\n",sz);// 4(元素大小)* 7（元素个数）== 28，效果见附图 2

    2.&(数组名)，数组名代表整个数组，&数组名，取的是整个数组的地址

    printf("%p\n", &arr);//表示数组的起始地址，是整个数组的地址

    上下两者的值一样，但 意义完全不同，效果图 见附图 3

    printf("%p\n", arr);//首元素的地址

    //进一步论证  &arr 和 arr的意义完全不同，不同在哪里

    printf("%p\n", &arr+1);//地址增加28字节，一个元素4byte，7个元素28字节，意味着 &arr + 1 跳过一整个数组的元素，指向最后一个元素后面的地址

    printf("%p\n", arr+1);//地址增加4字节，意味着 arr +1，跳过一个元素，改地址 arr+1，指向第二个元素

    效果见附图 4

    return 0;

}