【LWJGL2 WIKI】【现代OpenGL篇】用DrawElements画方形

最新推荐文章于 2024-07-17 19:37:20 发布

Zoharwolf

最新推荐文章于 2024-07-17 19:37:20 发布

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原文：http://wiki.lwjgl.org/wiki/The_Quad_with_DrawElements

Introduction 介绍

之前教程里用glDrawArrays画方形，缺点是你必须指定所有三角形的每一个顶点。一个方形其实只有四个顶点，但是分成两个三角形就变成了六个！用glDrawElements的话，就可以在定义顶点时把重复的点去掉了。取而代之的是，我们必须通过指定序号告诉OpenGL每个三角形用的是哪三个顶点。接下来教程开始。

Do you remember the following… 知识回顾

之前的DrawArrays教程将作为本教程的基础，也就是读本篇前你得先了解什么是AVO和VBO并且了解怎样设置它们。你还需要知道VAO有许多属性列表（默认是16个），我们可以将VBO连在上面。VBO里含有数据，还需要绑定和解绑对象（比如VBO就是一个对象，顶点缓冲对象）。

Defining our vertices 定义顶点

定义仅含有方形四顶点的顶点数组。顺序无所谓，因为之后要具体在另一个对象里指定顺序。

// Vertices, the order is not important.
float[] vertices = {
        -0.5f, 0.5f, 0f,    // Left top         ID: 0
        -0.5f, -0.5f, 0f,   // Left bottom      ID: 1
        0.5f, -0.5f, 0f,    // Right bottom     ID: 2
        0.5f, 0.5f, 0f  // Right left       ID: 3
};
// Sending data to OpenGL requires the usage of (flipped) byte buffers
FloatBuffer verticesBuffer = BufferUtils.createFloatBuffer(vertices.length);
verticesBuffer.put(vertices);
verticesBuffer.flip();

如你所见，只定义了四个顶点，就是方形的四个顶点。数组数目由0开始到3结束，每个顶点有三个值，代表位置。现在在我们的脑海里可以给它们定一个序号（见代码注释），如果直接将四点给OpenGL，它将不知所措。所以我们还需要给OpenGL一个指引，让它用四点画两个三角形，因此我们还需要建另一个VBO。

Adding indices 增加序号

方形依旧是由两个三角形组成的，在新的VBO里，我们用序号来定义之前顶点的顺序。如下：

// OpenGL expects to draw vertices in counter clockwise order by default
byte[] indices = {
        // Left bottom triangle
        0, 1, 2,
        // Right top triangle
        2, 3, 0
};
indicesCount = indices.length;
ByteBuffer indicesBuffer = BufferUtils.createByteBuffer(indicesCount);
indicesBuffer.put(indices);
indicesBuffer.flip();

如你所见，我们用序号来定义了两个三角形。关键在于，我们虽然定义了四个顶点，但是其中两个顶点用了两次。这样内存占用减小了，从6降到了4，但是又增加了一个序号VBO，看起来好像得不偿失，但是实际游戏的模型可不仅仅是一个方形，顶点数量巨大，就值了。
后建的这个VBO类型略有不同，并非是一个普通的数组缓冲（GL_ARRAY_BUFFER），而是元素数组（GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER）。为了它，还需要再申请内存ID，绑定，填充数据到缓冲（别忘了最后解绑）。

// Create a new VBO for the indices and select it (bind)
vboiId = GL15.glGenBuffers();
GL15.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, vboiId);
GL15.glBufferData(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indicesBuffer, GL15.GL_STATIC_DRAW);
// Deselect (bind to 0) the VBO
GL15.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);

vboiId是一个全局整数变量。还要注意我们保存了序号的数目（就和之前glDrawArrays教程里保存顶点数目一样）

Rendering with “glDrawElements” 用glDrawElements渲染

用glDrawElements渲染跟之前的glDrawArrays差不多，渲染前需要绑定序号VBO。

GL11.glClear(GL11.GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);

// Bind to the VAO that has all the information about the vertices
GL30.glBindVertexArray(vaoId);
GL20.glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);

// Bind to the index VBO that has all the information about the order of the vertices
GL15.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, vboiId);

// Draw the vertices
GL11.glDrawElements(GL11.GL_TRIANGLES, indicesCount, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, 0);

// Put everything back to default (deselect)
GL15.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
GL20.glDisableVertexAttribArray(0);
GL30.glBindVertexArray(0);

Cleaning up our memory 清除内存

做内存管理的时候别忘了也删除序号VBO。

// Delete the index VBO
GL15.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
GL15.glDeleteBuffers(vboiId);
The rest of our cleaning code looks exactly the same, here’s the complete cleanup code:

其他的清除代码也一样，以下是完整的清除代码：

// Disable the VBO index from the VAO attributes list
GL20.glDisableVertexAttribArray(0);

// Delete the vertex VBO
GL15.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
GL15.glDeleteBuffers(vboId);

// Delete the index VBO
GL15.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
GL15.glDeleteBuffers(vboiId);

// Delete the VAO
GL30.glBindVertexArray(0);
GL30.glDeleteVertexArrays(vaoId);

Display.destroy();

The result 结果

以下是画出的方形（和之前一样）：

Complete source code 完整代码

import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.FloatBuffer;

import org.lwjgl.BufferUtils;
import org.lwjgl.LWJGLException;
import org.lwjgl.opengl.ContextAttribs;
import org.lwjgl.opengl.Display;
import org.lwjgl.opengl.DisplayMode;
import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11;
import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL15;
import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL20;
import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL30;
import org.lwjgl.opengl.PixelFormat;

public class TheQuadExampleDrawElements {
    // Entry point for the application
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new TheQuadExampleDrawElements();
    }

    // Setup variables
    private final String WINDOW_TITLE = "The Quad: glDrawElements";
    private final int WIDTH = 320;
    private final int HEIGHT = 240;
    // Quad variables
    private int vaoId = 0;
    private int vboId = 0;
    private int vboiId = 0;
    private int indicesCount = 0;

    public TheQuadExampleDrawElements() {
        // Initialize OpenGL (Display)
        this.setupOpenGL();

        this.setupQuad();

        while (!Display.isCloseRequested()) {
            // Do a single loop (logic/render)
            this.loopCycle();

            // Force a maximum FPS of about 60
            Display.sync(60);
            // Let the CPU synchronize with the GPU if GPU is tagging behind
            Display.update();
        }

        // Destroy OpenGL (Display)
        this.destroyOpenGL();
    }

    public void setupOpenGL() {
        // Setup an OpenGL context with API version 3.2
        try {
            PixelFormat pixelFormat = new PixelFormat();
            ContextAttribs contextAtrributes = new ContextAttribs(3, 2)
                .withProfileCore(true)
                .withForwardCompatible(true);

            Display.setDisplayMode(new DisplayMode(WIDTH, HEIGHT));
            Display.setTitle(WINDOW_TITLE);
            Display.create(pixelFormat, contextAtrributes);

            GL11.glViewport(0, 0, WIDTH, HEIGHT);
        } catch (LWJGLException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
            System.exit(-1);
        }

        // Setup an XNA like background color
        GL11.glClearColor(0.4f, 0.6f, 0.9f, 0f);

        // Map the internal OpenGL coordinate system to the entire screen
        GL11.glViewport(0, 0, WIDTH, HEIGHT);
    }

    public void setupQuad() {
        // Vertices, the order is not important.
        float[] vertices = {
                -0.5f, 0.5f, 0f,    // Left top         ID: 0
                -0.5f, -0.5f, 0f,   // Left bottom      ID: 1
                0.5f, -0.5f, 0f,    // Right bottom     ID: 2
                0.5f, 0.5f, 0f      // Right left       ID: 3
        };
        // Sending data to OpenGL requires the usage of (flipped) byte buffers
        FloatBuffer verticesBuffer = BufferUtils.createFloatBuffer(vertices.length);
        verticesBuffer.put(vertices);
        verticesBuffer.flip();

        // OpenGL expects to draw vertices in counter clockwise order by default
        byte[] indices = {
                // Left bottom triangle
                0, 1, 2,
                // Right top triangle
                2, 3, 0
        };
        indicesCount = indices.length;
        ByteBuffer indicesBuffer = BufferUtils.createByteBuffer(indicesCount);
        indicesBuffer.put(indices);
        indicesBuffer.flip();

        // Create a new Vertex Array Object in memory and select it (bind)
        // A VAO can have up to 16 attributes (VBO's) assigned to it by default
        vaoId = GL30.glGenVertexArrays();
        GL30.glBindVertexArray(vaoId);

        // Create a new Vertex Buffer Object in memory and select it (bind)
        // A VBO is a collection of Vectors which in this case resemble the location of each vertex.
        vboId = GL15.glGenBuffers();
        GL15.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vboId);
        GL15.glBufferData(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, verticesBuffer, GL15.GL_STATIC_DRAW);
        // Put the VBO in the attributes list at index 0
        GL20.glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL11.GL_FLOAT, false, 0, 0);
        // Deselect (bind to 0) the VBO
        GL15.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);

        // Deselect (bind to 0) the VAO
        GL30.glBindVertexArray(0);

        // Create a new VBO for the indices and select it (bind)
        vboiId = GL15.glGenBuffers();
        GL15.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, vboiId);
        GL15.glBufferData(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indicesBuffer, GL15.GL_STATIC_DRAW);
        // Deselect (bind to 0) the VBO
        GL15.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
    }

    public void loopCycle() {
        GL11.glClear(GL11.GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);

        // Bind to the VAO that has all the information about the vertices
        GL30.glBindVertexArray(vaoId);
        GL20.glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);

        // Bind to the index VBO that has all the information about the order of the vertices
        GL15.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, vboiId);

        // Draw the vertices
        GL11.glDrawElements(GL11.GL_TRIANGLES, indicesCount, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, 0);

        // Put everything back to default (deselect)
        GL15.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
        GL20.glDisableVertexAttribArray(0);
        GL30.glBindVertexArray(0);
    }

    public void destroyOpenGL() {      
        // Disable the VBO index from the VAO attributes list
        GL20.glDisableVertexAttribArray(0);

        // Delete the vertex VBO
        GL15.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
        GL15.glDeleteBuffers(vboId);

        // Delete the index VBO
        GL15.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
        GL15.glDeleteBuffers(vboiId);

        // Delete the VAO
        GL30.glBindVertexArray(0);
        GL30.glDeleteVertexArrays(vaoId);

        Display.destroy();
    }
}