實作 Layer 7 封包過濾

转贴自 : http://ms.ntcb.edu.tw/~steven/article/kernel-layer7-filter.htm 

實作 Layer 7 封包過濾

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參考資訊

• L7-filter Kernel Version HOWTO
• L7-filter 安裝實錄

下載檔案

要手動編譯新版本的核心並加入 layer7 封包過濾選項的話，需要俱備以下套件：

• linux kernel source
• iptables source
• l7-filter patch
• l7-filter protocols

在本文當中，所重新編譯的版本如下：

• kernel：2.6.24.4
• iptables：1.4.0
• l7-filter patch：2.17
• l7-filter protocols：2008-02-20

為了方便管理，把以上套件均放在 /usr/src/kernels。

0001	root # cd /usr/src/kernels/

可以選擇任何可下載網路檔案的工具，如 lynx、wget，或 mozilla、firefox 等等工具下載，在此範例使用 wget，方法如下：

0001 0002 0003 0004

root # wget ftp://ftp.tw.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/linux-2.6.24.4.tar.bz2 root # wget ftp://ftp.netfilter.org/pub/iptables/iptables-1.4.0.tar.bz2 root # wget http://nchc.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/l7-filter/netfilter-layer7-v2.17.tar.gz root # wget http://nchc.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/l7-filter/l7-protocols-2008-02-20.tar.gz

將套件解壓縮。

0001	root # tar -jxvf linux-2.6.24.4.tar.bz2; tar -zxvf l7-protocols-2008-02-20.tar.gz; tar -zxvf netfilter-layer7-v2.17.tar.gz; tar -jxvf iptables-1.4.0.tar.bz2

更新 kernel

為了安裝方便，我們為 linux-2.6.24.4 這個目錄建位一個軟連結，以便切換目錄。

更新 kernel patch，增加 layer7 filter 選項。

0001	root # ln -s linux-2.6.24.4 linux; cd linux

若您想延續使用舊版 kernel 的選項的話，您可以把 .config 檔案複制到新 kernel 的目錄下，此時重新選擇項目時就會延用之前的設定。

為 kernel source 上 layer7 的 patch。

0001 0002 0003 0004 0005 0006 0007 0008 0009 0010 0011 0012

root # patch -p1 < ../netfilter-layer7-v2.17/kernel-2.6.22-2.6.24-layer7-2.17.patch patching file net/netfilter/Kconfig patching file net/netfilter/Makefile patching file net/netfilter/xt_layer7.c patching file net/netfilter/regexp/regexp.c patching file net/netfilter/regexp/regexp.h patching file net/netfilter/regexp/regmagic.h patching file net/netfilter/regexp/regsub.c patching file net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core.c patching file net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_standalone.c patching file include/net/netfilter/nf_conntrack.h patching file include/linux/netfilter/xt_layer7.h

選擇 layer 7 相關選項

在 kernel 選項裡，需要把相關的設定選擇起來才可以，以下為完整有關 layer 7 的項目。

0001 0002 0003 0004 0005 0006 0007 0008 0009 0010 0011 0012 0013 0014 0015 0016 0017 0018 0019 0020 0021 0022 0023 0024 0025 0026 0027 0028 0029 0030 0031 0032 0033 0034 0035 0036 0037 0038 0039 0040 0041 0042 0043 0044 0045 0046 0047 0048 0049 0050 0051 0052 0053 0054 0055 0056 0057 0058 0059 0060 0061 0062 0063 0064 0065 0066 0067 0068 0069 0070 0071 0072 0073 0074 0075 0076 0077 0078 0079 0080 0081 0082 0083 0084 0085 0086 0087 0088 0089 0090 0091 0092

root # make menuconfig General setup ---> [*] Prompt for development and/or incomplete code/drivers Networking ---> Networking options ---> [*] Network packet filtering framework (Netfilter) ---> Core Netfilter Configuration ---> <M> Netfilter connection tracking support -*- Connection tracking flow accounting -*- Connection mark tracking support [*] Connection tracking security mark support [*] Connection tracking events (EXPERIMENTAL) <M> SCTP protocol connection tracking support (EXPERIMENTAL) <M> UDP-Lite protocol connection tracking support (EXPERIMENTAL) <M> Amanda backup protocol support <M> FTP protocol support <M> H.323 protocol support (EXPERIMENTAL) <M> IRC protocol support <M> NetBIOS name service protocol support (EXPERIMENTAL) <M> PPtP protocol support <M> SANE protocol support (EXPERIMENTAL) <M> SIP protocol support (EXPERIMENTAL) <M> TFTP protocol support <M> Connection tracking netlink interface (EXPERIMENTAL) {M} Netfilter Xtables support (required for ip_tables) <M> "CLASSIFY" target support <M> "CONNMARK" target support <M> "DSCP" target support <M> "MARK" target support <M> "NFQUEUE" target Support <M> "NFLOG" target support <M> "NOTRACK" target support <M> "TRACE" target support <M> "TRACE" target support <M> "SECMARK" target support <M> "CONNSECMARK" target support <M> "TCPMSS" target support <M> "comment" match support <M> "connbytes" per-connection counter match support <M> "connlimit" match support" <M> "connmark" connection mark match support <M> "conntrack" connection tracking match support <M> "DCCP" protocol match support <M> "DCCP" protocol match support <M> "DSCP" match support <M> "ESP" match support <M> "helper" match support <M> "length" match support <M> "limit" match support <M> "mac" address match support <M> "mark" match support <M> IPsec "policy" match support <M> Multiple port match support <M> "physdev" match support <M> "pkttype" packet type match support <M> "quota" match support <M> "realm" match support <M> "sctp" protocol match support (EXPERIMENTAL) <M> "state" match support <M> "layer7" match support [*] Layer 7 debugging output <M> "statistic" match support <M> "string" match support <M> "tcpmss" match support <M> "time" match support <M> "u32" match support <M> "hashlimit" match support IP: Netfilter Configuration ---> <M> IPv4 connection tracking support (required for NAT) [*] proc/sysctl compatibility with old connection tracking (NEW <M> IP Userspace queueing via NETLINK (OBSOLETE) <M> IP tables support (required for filtering/masq/NAT) <M> IP range match support <M> TOS match support <M> recent match support <M> ECN match support <M> AH match support <M> TTL match support <M> Owner match support <M> address type match support <M> Packet filtering <M> REJECT target support <M> LOG target support <M> ULOG target support <M> Full NAT (NEW) <M> MASQUERADE target support <M> REDIRECT target support <M> NETMAP target support <M> SAME target support (OBSOLETE) <M> Basic SNMP-ALG support (EXPERIMENTAL) <M> Packet mangling <M> TOS target support

較為重要的是 "layer7" match support 項目與 IPv4 connection tracking support (required for NAT) 項目，若您不知道的話就請把 Core Netfilter Configuration 與 IP: Netfilter Configuration 裡的選項全部選起來即可。

廣　告

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編譯並安裝新版核心

重 kernel 2.6 開始，編譯核心就變得更為簡單，只需要幾個 make 的指令即可，安裝完後會自動修改 GRUB 的選項，不需手動修改，減少了手動修改錯誤的危險。

0001 0002 0003 0004 0005

root # make root # make modules root # make modules_install root # make install sh /usr/src/kernels/linux-2.6.24.4/arch/x86/boot/install.sh 2.6.24.4 arch/x86/boot/bzImage System.map "/boot"

更新 iptables patch

更新 iptables 需注意是否在現有的 kernel 中 netfilter 子系統相符合，若使用了不在 kernel 所支援的模組，在設定 iptables 會出現錯誤。以下指令可新增 laery7 模組的指令。

0001 0002 0003 0004 0005

root # cd /usr/src/kernels/iptables-1.4.0 root # patch -p1 < ../netfilter-layer7-v2.17/iptables-1.4-for-kernel-2.6.20forward-layer7-2.17.patch patching file extensions/libipt_layer7.c patching file extensions/libipt_layer7.man patching file extensions/.layer7-test

設定 KERNEL_DIR 與 IPTABLES_DIR 環境變數，並開始編譯安裝。

0001 0002 0003 0004

root # export KERNEL_DIR=/usr/src/kernels/linux; export IPTABLES_DIR=/usr/src/kernels/iptables-1.4.0 root # chmod +x extensions/.layer7-test root # make && make install root #

安裝通訊定議檔

使用 layer7 模組時，會參考 /etc/l7-protocols 目錄下的定議檔，各通訊協定的封包特徵會在 l7-protocols 的套件裡，解開之後直接安裝即可。

0001 0002 0003 0004

root # cd /usr/src/kernels/l7-protocols-2008-02-20 root # make install mkdir -p /etc/l7-protocols cp -R * /etc/l7-protocols

重新開機

重新編譯了核心之後，需要重新啟動電腦才能套用新的核心套件，請使用 uname 指令查看是否設定成功。

0001 0002 0003

root # uname -a; iptables -V Linux localhost.localdomain 2.6.24.4 #1 SMP Thu Apr 10 23:21:08 CST 2008 i686 i686 i386 GNU/Linux iptables v1.4.0

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測試

MSN Messenger

以下測試會拒絕連出 MSN Menssenger 封包，在 iptables 的 OUTPUT 政策裡，我們在 X-Window 執行 GAIM 連出時，會發現 msnmessenger 的封包被 DROP。

語法：

iptables -A OUTPUT -m layer7 --l7proto msnmessenger -j DROP

0001 0002 0003 0004 0005 0006 0007 0008 0009 0010 0011

root # iptables -A OUTPUT -m layer7 --l7proto msnmessenger -j DROP root # iptables -L -n -v Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 3056 packets, 394K bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 1274 packets, 159K bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 34 2584 DROP all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 LAYER7 l7proto msnmessenger

BitTorrent

第二個測試拒絕連出 BitTorrent 封包，我們在設定好拒絕 bittorrent 封包後，在本機使用 BT 下載檔案均失敗，可從 iptables 指令查出。

語法：

iptables -A OUTPUT -m layer7 --l7proto bittorrent -j DROP

0001 0002 0003 0004 0005 0006 0007 0008 0009 0010 0011 0012

root # iptables -A OUTPUT -m layer7 --l7proto bittorrent -j DROP root # iptables -L -n -v Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 33768 packets, 33M bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 25235 packets, 2362K bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 91 6916 DROP all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 LAYER7 l7proto msnmessenger 78 7920 DROP all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 LAYER7 l7proto bittorrent

若您把 layer7 安裝在網路閘道 (Gateway) 上的話，那麼請使用 PREROUTING 或 FORWARD 連線才會有效。iptables 可參考 iptables 封包過瀘規則 (new window)。

後記：

若您打算在您的防火牆上使用 layer7 封包過濾功能的話，那麼所需的記憶體與 CPU 會更多，若您的使用者連線數同一時間超過百人，並且頻繁的取存網路的話，那麼可能需要考慮使用較高效能的網路卡與更多的記憶體。若您在啟用 layer7 功能後發現網路變得很慢的話，那麼就需要檢查您的網卡與記憶體是否足夠。

04/12/2008

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