Systemctl是一个systemd工具,主要负责控制systemd系统和服务管理器。
Systemd是一个系统管理守护进程、工具和库的集合,用于取代System V初始进程。Systemd的功能是用于集中管理和配置类UNIX系统。
案例:
1. 首先检查你的系统中是否安装有systemd并确定当前安装的版本
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl --version
systemd 219
+PAM +AUDIT +SELINUX +IMA -APPARMOR +SMACK +SYSVINIT +UTMP +LIBCRYPTSETUP +GCRYPT +GNUTLS +ACL +XZ -LZ4 -SECCOMP +BLKID +ELFUTILS +KMOD +IDN
2. 检查systemd和systemctl的二进制文件和库文件的安装位置
[root@web-01-110 ~]# whereis systemctl
systemctl: /usr/bin/systemctl /usr/share/man/man1/systemctl.1.gz
[root@web-01-110 ~]# whereis systemd
systemd: /usr/lib/systemd /etc/systemd /usr/share/systemd /usr/share/man/man1/systemd.1.gz
3. 检查systemd是否运行
[root@web-01-110 ~]# ps -ef|grep systemd
root 1 0 0 03:06 ? 00:00:01 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 21
root 353 1 0 03:06 ? 00:00:00 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-journald
root 386 1 0 03:06 ? 00:00:00 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-udevd
root 924 1 0 03:06 ? 00:00:00 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-logind
dbus 935 1 0 03:06 ? 00:00:00 /bin/dbus-daemon --system --address=systemd: --nofork --nopidfile --systemd-activation
root 4008 2666 0 04:07 pts/0 00:00:00 grep --color=auto systemd
注意:systemd是作为父进程(PID=1)运行的
4. 分析systemd启动进程
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemd-analyze
Startup finished in 615ms (kernel) + 3.729s (initrd) + 26.040s (userspace) = 30.385s
5. 分析启动时各个进程花费的时间
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemd-analyze blame
5.657s kdump.service
5.366s NetworkManager-wait-online.service
5.350s abrt-ccpp.service
5.043s sysstat.service
4.191s systemd-logind.service
3.905s rhel-dmesg.service
3.875s tuned.service
6. 分析启动时的关键链
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemd-analyze critical-chain
The time after the unit is active or started is printed after the "@" character.
The time the unit takes to start is printed after the "+" character.
multi-user.target @26.029s
`-tuned.service @20.345s +3.875s
`-network.target @20.314s
`-network.service @19.689s +622ms
`-NetworkManager-wait-online.service @14.309s +5.366s
重要:Systemctl接受服务(.service),挂载点(.mount),套接口(.socket)和设备(.device)作为单元。
7. 列出所有可用单元
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl list-unit-files
UNIT FILE STATE
proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount static
dev-hugepages.mount static
dev-mqueue.mount static
proc-fs-nfsd.mount static
proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.mount static
sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount static
sys-kernel-config.mount static
sys-kernel-debug.mount static
tmp.mount disabled
var-lib-nfs-rpc_pipefs.mount static
brandbot.path disabled
说明: static 它是指对应的 Unit 文件中没有定义[Install]区域,因此无法配置为开机启动服务;disabled关闭开机启动;enable开启开机启动
8. 列出所有运行中单元
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl list-units
UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION
proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount loaded active waiting Arbitrary Executable File Formats File Syste
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:07.1-ata2-host2-target2:0:0-2:0:0:0-block-sr0.device loaded active plugged VMwar
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:10.0-host0-target0:0:0-0:0:0:0-block-sda-sda1.device loaded active plugged VMwar
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:10.0-host0-target0:0:0-0:0:0:0-block-sda-sda2.device loaded active plugged VMwa
9. 列出所有失败单元
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl --failed
UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION
* kdump.service loaded failed failed Crash recovery kernel arming
LOAD = Reflects whether the unit definition was properly loaded.
ACTIVE = The high-level unit activation state, i.e. generalization of SUB.
SUB = The low-level unit activation state, values depend on unit ty
10. 检查某个单元(如 cron.service)是否启用
查看crond定时任务是否启动服务
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl is-enabled crond
enabled
11. 检查某个单元或服务是否运行
查看firewalld防火墙是否运行,Active: inactive (dead) 说明关闭状态
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl status firewalld
* firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; disabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: inactive (dead) 活动:无效(死亡)
Docs: man:firewalld(1)
12. 列出所有服务(包括启用的和禁用的)
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl list-unit-files --type=service
UNIT FILE STATE
abrt-ccpp.service enabled
abrt-oops.service enabled
abrt-pstoreoops.service disabled
abrt-vmcore.service enabled
abrt-xorg.service enabled
abrtd.service enabled
arp-ethers.service disabled
atd.service enabled
auditd.service enabled
说明:enabled 开启,disabled 关闭
13. Linux中如何启动、重启、停止、重载服务以及检查服务(如 httpd.service)状态
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl start httpd.service
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl restart httpd.service
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl stop httpd.service
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl reload httpd.service
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl status httpd.service
httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled)
Active: active (running) since Tue 2015-04-28 17:21:30 IST; 6s ago
Process: 2876 ExecStop=/bin/kill -WINCH ${MAINPID} (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 2881 (httpd)
Status: "Processing requests..."
CGroup: /system.slice/httpd.service
├─2881 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
├─2884 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
├─2885 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
├─2886 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
├─2887 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
└─2888 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
Apr 28 17:21:30 tecmint systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...
Apr 28 17:21:30 tecmint httpd[2881]: AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully q...ssage
Apr 28 17:21:30 tecmint systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
注意:当我们使用systemctl的start,restart,stop和reload命令时,我们不会从终端获取到任何输出内容,只有status命令可以打印输出。
14. 如何激活服务并在启动时启用或禁用服务(即系统启动时自动启动服务)
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl is-active httpd.service
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl enable httpd.service
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl disable httpd.service
15. 如何屏蔽(让它不能启动)或显示服务(如 httpd.service)
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl mask crond.service
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/crond.service to /dev/null.
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl unmask crond.service
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/crond.service.
16. 在启动时激活、启用或禁用挂载点(系统启动时自动挂载)
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl is-active tmp.mount
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl enable tmp.mount
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl disable tmp.mount
17. 获取当前某个服务的CPU分配额(如httpd)
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl show -p CPUShares httpd.service
CPUShares=1024
注意:各个服务的默认CPU分配份额=1024,你可以增加/减少某个进程的CPU分配份额。
18. 检查某个服务的所有配置细节
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl show httpd
Id=httpd.service
Names=httpd.service
Requires=basic.target
Wants=system.slice
WantedBy=multi-user.target
Conflicts=shutdown.target
Before=shutdown.target multi-user.target
After=network.target remote-fs.target nss-lookup.target systemd-journald.socket basic.target system.slice
Description=The Apache HTTP Server
LoadState=loaded
ActiveState=active
SubState=running
FragmentPath=/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service
Systemd是一个系统管理守护进程、工具和库的集合,用于取代System V初始进程。Systemd的功能是用于集中管理和配置类UNIX系统。
案例:
1. 首先检查你的系统中是否安装有systemd并确定当前安装的版本
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl --version
systemd 219
+PAM +AUDIT +SELINUX +IMA -APPARMOR +SMACK +SYSVINIT +UTMP +LIBCRYPTSETUP +GCRYPT +GNUTLS +ACL +XZ -LZ4 -SECCOMP +BLKID +ELFUTILS +KMOD +IDN
2. 检查systemd和systemctl的二进制文件和库文件的安装位置
[root@web-01-110 ~]# whereis systemctl
systemctl: /usr/bin/systemctl /usr/share/man/man1/systemctl.1.gz
[root@web-01-110 ~]# whereis systemd
systemd: /usr/lib/systemd /etc/systemd /usr/share/systemd /usr/share/man/man1/systemd.1.gz
3. 检查systemd是否运行
[root@web-01-110 ~]# ps -ef|grep systemd
root 1 0 0 03:06 ? 00:00:01 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 21
root 353 1 0 03:06 ? 00:00:00 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-journald
root 386 1 0 03:06 ? 00:00:00 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-udevd
root 924 1 0 03:06 ? 00:00:00 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-logind
dbus 935 1 0 03:06 ? 00:00:00 /bin/dbus-daemon --system --address=systemd: --nofork --nopidfile --systemd-activation
root 4008 2666 0 04:07 pts/0 00:00:00 grep --color=auto systemd
注意:systemd是作为父进程(PID=1)运行的
4. 分析systemd启动进程
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemd-analyze
Startup finished in 615ms (kernel) + 3.729s (initrd) + 26.040s (userspace) = 30.385s
5. 分析启动时各个进程花费的时间
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemd-analyze blame
5.657s kdump.service
5.366s NetworkManager-wait-online.service
5.350s abrt-ccpp.service
5.043s sysstat.service
4.191s systemd-logind.service
3.905s rhel-dmesg.service
3.875s tuned.service
6. 分析启动时的关键链
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemd-analyze critical-chain
The time after the unit is active or started is printed after the "@" character.
The time the unit takes to start is printed after the "+" character.
multi-user.target @26.029s
`-tuned.service @20.345s +3.875s
`-network.target @20.314s
`-network.service @19.689s +622ms
`-NetworkManager-wait-online.service @14.309s +5.366s
重要:Systemctl接受服务(.service),挂载点(.mount),套接口(.socket)和设备(.device)作为单元。
7. 列出所有可用单元
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl list-unit-files
UNIT FILE STATE
proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount static
dev-hugepages.mount static
dev-mqueue.mount static
proc-fs-nfsd.mount static
proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.mount static
sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount static
sys-kernel-config.mount static
sys-kernel-debug.mount static
tmp.mount disabled
var-lib-nfs-rpc_pipefs.mount static
brandbot.path disabled
说明: static 它是指对应的 Unit 文件中没有定义[Install]区域,因此无法配置为开机启动服务;disabled关闭开机启动;enable开启开机启动
8. 列出所有运行中单元
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl list-units
UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION
proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount loaded active waiting Arbitrary Executable File Formats File Syste
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:07.1-ata2-host2-target2:0:0-2:0:0:0-block-sr0.device loaded active plugged VMwar
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:10.0-host0-target0:0:0-0:0:0:0-block-sda-sda1.device loaded active plugged VMwar
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:10.0-host0-target0:0:0-0:0:0:0-block-sda-sda2.device loaded active plugged VMwa
9. 列出所有失败单元
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl --failed
UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION
* kdump.service loaded failed failed Crash recovery kernel arming
LOAD = Reflects whether the unit definition was properly loaded.
ACTIVE = The high-level unit activation state, i.e. generalization of SUB.
SUB = The low-level unit activation state, values depend on unit ty
10. 检查某个单元(如 cron.service)是否启用
查看crond定时任务是否启动服务
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl is-enabled crond
enabled
11. 检查某个单元或服务是否运行
查看firewalld防火墙是否运行,Active: inactive (dead) 说明关闭状态
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl status firewalld
* firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; disabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: inactive (dead) 活动:无效(死亡)
Docs: man:firewalld(1)
12. 列出所有服务(包括启用的和禁用的)
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl list-unit-files --type=service
UNIT FILE STATE
abrt-ccpp.service enabled
abrt-oops.service enabled
abrt-pstoreoops.service disabled
abrt-vmcore.service enabled
abrt-xorg.service enabled
abrtd.service enabled
arp-ethers.service disabled
atd.service enabled
auditd.service enabled
说明:enabled 开启,disabled 关闭
13. Linux中如何启动、重启、停止、重载服务以及检查服务(如 httpd.service)状态
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl start httpd.service
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl restart httpd.service
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl stop httpd.service
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl reload httpd.service
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl status httpd.service
httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled)
Active: active (running) since Tue 2015-04-28 17:21:30 IST; 6s ago
Process: 2876 ExecStop=/bin/kill -WINCH ${MAINPID} (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 2881 (httpd)
Status: "Processing requests..."
CGroup: /system.slice/httpd.service
├─2881 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
├─2884 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
├─2885 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
├─2886 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
├─2887 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
└─2888 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
Apr 28 17:21:30 tecmint systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...
Apr 28 17:21:30 tecmint httpd[2881]: AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully q...ssage
Apr 28 17:21:30 tecmint systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
注意:当我们使用systemctl的start,restart,stop和reload命令时,我们不会从终端获取到任何输出内容,只有status命令可以打印输出。
14. 如何激活服务并在启动时启用或禁用服务(即系统启动时自动启动服务)
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl is-active httpd.service
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl enable httpd.service
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl disable httpd.service
15. 如何屏蔽(让它不能启动)或显示服务(如 httpd.service)
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl mask crond.service
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/crond.service to /dev/null.
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl unmask crond.service
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/crond.service.
16. 在启动时激活、启用或禁用挂载点(系统启动时自动挂载)
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl is-active tmp.mount
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl enable tmp.mount
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl disable tmp.mount
17. 获取当前某个服务的CPU分配额(如httpd)
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl show -p CPUShares httpd.service
CPUShares=1024
注意:各个服务的默认CPU分配份额=1024,你可以增加/减少某个进程的CPU分配份额。
18. 检查某个服务的所有配置细节
[root@web-01-110 ~]# systemctl show httpd
Id=httpd.service
Names=httpd.service
Requires=basic.target
Wants=system.slice
WantedBy=multi-user.target
Conflicts=shutdown.target
Before=shutdown.target multi-user.target
After=network.target remote-fs.target nss-lookup.target systemd-journald.socket basic.target system.slice
Description=The Apache HTTP Server
LoadState=loaded
ActiveState=active
SubState=running
FragmentPath=/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service
....
参考资料:https://www.tecmint.com/manage-services-using-systemd-and-systemctl-in-linux/