翻译作者:jungleguo 2003-11-15 原文: http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-06-2003/jw-0606-wireless-p2.html 一个应用程序例子 现在通过一个简单的例子,我们检测一下移动数据库应用程序的典型用法和关键组件。 移动联系管理器 这是一个由PointBase提供的移动联系管理器的例子。联系管理器 contact manager包括在PointBase 4.x中。为了读者方便,我已经把源代码打包成zip文件放在Resource中。如果你想编译和运行例子,你必须先从PointBase处下载适当的jar文件。 这个应用程序本身比较简单。它主要沿用了高级地址本应用程序的通用特性。例如,它允许用户存储联系人名字,地址和电话号码;提供自觉浏览和搜索接口;和后台数据库服务器同步。图1和图2分别显示了该应用程序在标准模式和同步模式下的操作。这些屏幕快照来自一个由Insignia’s Jeode PersonalJava VM驱动的Pocket PC 和一个由J2SE驱动的Mac OS X 膝上型电脑。相同字节代码的应用程序没有经过修改运行在许多平台上,证明了Java的威力。
图1 在袖珍PC Jeode PersonalJava上的标准联系管理器
图2 在Mac OS X上的两个同步的联系管理器spoke
客户端应用程序UI(用户界面)是用AWT写的。这是被PersonalJava或J2ME/FP/PP设备所支持的唯一标准UI库。除了这些UI驱动,我们还有另一个代码层,它提供访问一般的设备上JDBC数据库。这个数据库访问层也提供了与后台服务器同步移动数据的逻辑,它是通过PointBase专有UniSync同步服务器来实现的。现在我们来看看数据访问层的代码,它包括在一个单独的类:DBManager. 设备上的数据访问 类DBManager是一个单独的类,它提供从应用程序单点访问数据。这个单独模式避免了嵌入式数据库的线程复杂性。下面的代码片断显示了DBManager的构造器和初始化的代码。它连接数据库,定义表,将测试数据导入表中,创建为以后时候的SQL状态模版(PreparedStatement)。正如我们所看到的,这里用到的都是标准JDBC。对于企业Java 开发者下面的代码应该很容易明白:
例1 连接移动数据库和初始化访问对象
- class DBManager {
- // DBManager is a singleton class.
- private static DBManager instance;
- private String driver;
- private String url;
- private String user;
- private String password;
- private boolean delay;
- private Connection connection;
- private Statement statement;
- private PreparedStatement insert;
- private PreparedStatement find;
- private PreparedStatement delete;
- private PreparedStatement update;
- private PreparedStatement all;
-
- static DBManager getInstance() {
- if (instance == null) {
- instance = new DBManager();
- }
- return instance;
- }
-
- private DBManager() {
- // Get parameters from runtime properties.
- // This allows us to switch to different JDBC databases
- // without changing the application code.
- Properties properties = ContactManager.getProperties();
- driver =
- properties.getProperty("driver", "com.pointbase.me.jdbc.jdbcDriver");
- url =
- properties.getProperty("url", "jdbc:pointbase:micro:pbdemo");
- user =
- properties.getProperty("user", "PBPUBLIC");
- password =
- properties.getProperty("password", "PBPUBLIC");
- delay =
- properties.getProperty("delayread","true").equals("true");
- connect();
- }
-
- private void connect() {
- try {
- // Load the driver class.
- Class.forName(driver);
-
- // If the database doesn't exist, create a new database.
- connection = DriverManager.getConnection(url, user, password);
-
- // Create template statement objects.
- statement = connection.createStatement();
- createStatement();
-
- // If the database is newly created, load the schema.
- boolean newdb=initDatabase();
- // Load sample data for the new tables.
- if(newdb) {
- SampleDataCreator.insert(connection);
- }
-
- } catch (Exception e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- System.exit(1);
- }
- }
-
- void disconnect() {
- try {
- connection.commit();
- statement.close();
- insert.close();
- find.close();
- delete.close();
- update.close();
- all.close();
- connection.close();
- System.exit(0);
- } catch (Exception e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- System.exit(1);
- }
- }
-
- // Create the table and load the schema.
- private boolean initDatabase() {
- try {
- String sql = "CREATE TABLE NameCard (ID INT PRIMARY KEY, "+
- "Name VARCHAR(254), Company VARCHAR(254), Title VARCHAR(254), "+
- "Address1 VARCHAR(254), Address2 VARCHAR(254), "+
- "Phone VARCHAR(254), Email VARCHAR(254), "+
- "Picture Binary(1000000))";
- // If the table already exists, this will throw an exception.
- statement.executeUpdate(sql);
- // This means the database already exists.
- return true;
- } catch (SQLException e) {
- // Ignore the error - the table already exists, which is good
- // so we don't need to add demo data later on.
- return false;
- }
- }
-
- // Create statement templates.
- private void createStatement() {
- try {
- insert = connection.prepareStatement(
- "INSERT INTO NameCard (ID, Name, Company, Title, Address1, "+
- "Address2, Phone, Email, Picture) "+
- "VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)");
- find = connection.prepareStatement(
- "SELECT * FROM NameCard WHERE (Name LIKE ?) "+
- "AND (Company LIKE ?) AND (Title LIKE ?) "+
- "AND ((Address1 LIKE ?) OR (Address2 LIKE ?)) "+
- "AND (Phone LIKE ?) AND (Email LIKE ?)");
- delete = connection.prepareStatement(
- "DELETE FROM NameCard WHERE ID = ?");
- update = connection.prepareStatement(
- "UPDATE NameCard SET ID=?, Name=?, Company=?, Title=?, "+
- "Address1=?, Address2=?, Phone=?, Email=?, Picture=? "+
- "WHERE ID = ?");
- all = connection.prepareStatement(
- "SELECT ID, Name, Company, Title, Address1, Address2, "+
- "Phone, Email FROM NameCard");
- } catch (SQLException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
-
- // Other methods.
-
- }
在DBManager中的其他方法通过简单JDBC API调用进行访问数据库。如下的代码片断展示了搜索和操纵名称卡片记录的方法。这些方法使用了我们之前定义的SQL模版。 例2 数据访问方法
- Vector findNameCardsByKeyword(String name, String company,
- String title, String address1, String address2,
- String phone, String email) {
- Vector NameCards = new Vector();
- String[] keywords = {name, company, title, address1, address2,
- phone, email};
- try {
- for (int i = 0; i < keywords.length; i++) {
- String criteria = (keywords[i].equals("")) ? "%" :
- "%" + keywords[i] + "%";
- find.setString(i + 1, criteria);
- }
- ResultSet resultSet = find.executeQuery();
- while (resultSet.next()) {
- NameCard nameCard = new NameCard(resultSet.getInt(1),
- resultSet.getString(2), resultSet.getString(3),
- resultSet.getString(4), resultSet.getString(5),
- resultSet.getString(6),
- resultSet.getString(7), resultSet.getString(8));
- if (!delay)
- loadPicture(nameCard);
- NameCards.addElement(nameCard);
- }
- } catch (SQLException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- return NameCards;
- }
-
- void addNameCard(NameCard nameCard) {
- nameCard.setID(getNewID());
- try {
- insert.setInt(1, nameCard.getID());
- insert.setString(2, nameCard.getName());
- insert.setString(3, nameCard.getCompany());
- insert.setString(4, nameCard.getTitle());
- insert.setString(5, nameCard.getAddress1());
- insert.setString(6, nameCard.getAddress2());
- insert.setString(7, nameCard.getPhone());
- insert.setString(8, nameCard.getEmail());
- insert.setBytes(9, nameCard.getPicture().getBytes());
- insert.executeUpdate();
- } catch (SQLException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
-
- void updateNameCard(NameCard nameCard) {
- try {
- update.setInt(1, nameCard.getID());
- update.setString(2, nameCard.getName());
- update.setString(3, nameCard.getCompany());
- update.setString(4, nameCard.getTitle());
- update.setString(5, nameCard.getAddress1());
- update.setString(6, nameCard.getAddress2());
- update.setString(7, nameCard.getPhone());
- update.setString(8, nameCard.getEmail());
- update.setBytes(9, nameCard.getPicture().getBytes());
- update.setInt(10, nameCard.getID());
- update.executeUpdate();
- } catch (SQLException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
-
- void deleteNameCard(NameCard nameCard) {
- try {
- delete.setInt(1, nameCard.getID());
- delete.executeUpdate();
- } catch (SQLException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
-
- void loadPicture(NameCard nameCard) {
- try {
- ResultSet resultSet =
- statement.executeQuery(
- "SELECT Picture FROM NameCard WHERE ID = " +
- nameCard.getID());
- resultSet.next();
- Picture picture = new Picture();
- picture.setBytes(resultSet.getBytes(1));
- nameCard.setPicture(picture);
- } catch (SQLException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
-
- private int getNewID() {
- try {
- ResultSet resultSet = statement.executeQuery(
- "SELECT MAX(ID)+1 FROM NameCard");
- if (resultSet.next()) {
- return resultSet.getInt(1);
- } else {
- return 0;
- }
- } catch (Exception e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- return 0;
- }
与后台数据库同步 类DBManager也允许应用程序开发者用PointBase 专有UniSync引擎与后台数据库同步移动数据。不同的厂商使用不同的同步引擎,但他们的概念都是相类似的。同步过程按照如下这些步骤进行: 1. 在后台服务器和移动设备上创建相应的数据库和表 2. 在同步服务器上创建一个hub。这个hub包含发布信息。它指定和标识用于同步(发布)的后台表(或部分表)。 3. 使用hub来创建spoke。spoke是在同步服务器上表示移动设备的对象。每个spoke都有一个ID。它能通过在同一个hub里的订阅对象来订阅发布。通过使用一个spokeID,移动设备匹配spoke并对订阅的后台表进行同步。 4. 启动同步服务器。基本上通过com.pointbase.me.sync.Server 类的main()方法来执行。这个服务器类用于PointBase 发布包。还有其他几个方法在不同环境中运行服务器。您可以参考PointBase文档来得到更多的细节和例子。默认情况下,服务器监听端口8124。 5. 使用一个spokeID和在移动设备上的类 spoke stub 来初始化同步过程。
图3 UniSync同步服务器框架图解
例3 中的类ResetServer显示了在UniSync服务器上如何创建hub和spoke:
例3 安装同步服务器
- manager=SyncManager.getInstance(caturl,catdriver,catuser,catpassword);
- String dsname;
- dsname=SyncDataSource.DEFAULT;
-
- String hubname="Hub";
- Hub hub=manager.createHub(hubname);
-
- Publication pub;
- String pubname;
- SpokeConfig spoke;
- Subscription sub;
- String subname="SubNameCard";
- String tablename="NAMECARD";
- String[] tables=new String[]{tablename};
-
- // Publish the complete name-card table
- pubname="PubNameCard";
- pub=hub.newPublication(pubname,dsname,tables);
- hub.publish(pub);
-
- // Create two spokes and subscribe to this publication
- for(int i=1;i<=2;i++) {
- String name="Spoke"+i;
- spoke=hub.createSpokeConfig(name);
- spoke.savePassword("pass"+i);
- sub=spoke.newSubscription(subname,SyncDataSource.DEFAULT,pubname);
- spoke.subscribe(sub);
- }
-
- // Publish the name-card table without the picture column
-
- pubname="PubNameCardNoPicture";
- pub=hub.newPublication(pubname,dsname,tables);
- SyncTable table=pub.getSyncTable(tablename);
- table.dropSyncColumns(new String[]{"PICTURE"});
- hub.publish(pub);
-
- // Create two spokes and subscribe to this publication
- for(int i=3;i<=4;i++) {
- String name="Spoke"+i;
- spoke=hub.createSpokeConfig(name);
- spoke.savePassword("pass"+i);
- sub=spoke.newSubscription(subname,SyncDataSource.DEFAULT,pubname);
- spoke.subscribe(sub);
- }
- manager.close();
下面的DBManager代码片断显示了如何获得spoke stub 和如何在设备上处理同步。代码中的注释解释了应用程序的同步和独立版本的不同: 例4 通过同步服务器访问数据
- // Import proprietary classes for sync
- import com.pointbase.me.jdbc.*;
-
- class DBManager {
-
- // In addition to JDBC connection variables,
- // we also need to define variables for sync
- // ... ...
- private Spoke spoke;
- private String spokename;
- private int spoke_id;
- private int spoke_range_start,spoke_range_end;
- final static int ROWS_PER_SPOKE=1<<16;
- private String syncurl;
- private String syncpassword;
-
-
- private DBManager() {
-
- // Get DB connection parameters
- // ... ...
-
- // Get sync parameters
- syncurl =
- properties.getProperty("syncurl", "http://localhost:8124");
- String spokeid =
- properties.getProperty("spokeid", "1");
- spokename =
- properties.getProperty("spoke", "Spoke"+spokeid);
- syncpassword =
- properties.getProperty("syncpassword", "pass"+spokeid);
- url =
- properties.getProperty("url",
- "jdbc:pointbase:micro:pbdemo"+spokeid);
-
- connect();
- }
-
- // The complete connect method using synchronization server
- private void connect() {
- try {
- System.out.println("Connecting to the database...");
-
- Class.forName(driver);
-
- // If the database doesn't exist, create a new database
- connection = DriverManager.getConnection(url, user, password);
- statement = connection.createStatement();
-
-
- // Check sync metadata and create tables
- loadMeta();
-
- // Create prepared statements
- createStatement();
-
- } catch (Exception e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- System.exit(1);
- }
- }
-
- // The complete newID method using the sync server
- private int getNewID() {
- try {
- ResultSet rs = statement.executeQuery(
- "SELECT MAX(ID)+1 FROM NameCard WHERE "+
- "ID>="+spoke_range_start+" AND ID<"+spoke_range_end);
- rs.next();
- int id=rs.getInt(1);
- if(rs.wasNull()) {
- return spoke_range_start;
- } else {
- return id;
- }
-
- } catch (Exception e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- return 0;
- }
-
- // Create table and load metadata from the sync hub
- void loadMeta() {
- try {
- SyncManager manager=SyncManager.getInstance(connection);
- spoke=manager.getSpoke(spokename);
- if(spoke==null) {
- System.out.println(
- "Loading MetaData from url "+syncurl+
- " for spoke "+spokename+
- " using password "+syncpassword);
- spoke=manager.createSpoke(spokename);
- spoke.savePassword(syncpassword);
- spoke.saveHubURL(syncurl);
- spoke.loadConfig();
- spoke.getSnapshot();
- }
- spoke_id = spoke.getSpokeId();
- System.out.println("SpokeID is "+spoke_id);
- spoke_range_start = ROWS_PER_SPOKE * spoke_id;
- spoke_range_end = spoke_range_start + ROWS_PER_SPOKE - 1;
- } catch (SyncException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
-
- // Synchronize spoke databases (mobile databases) with the hub
- // and backend databases
- void sync() {
- try {
- spoke.sync();
- } catch (SyncException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
-
- // Other data access methods are the same as the non-synced version.
- }
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