关于继承的小知识点
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class fish
{
public:
bool swiminwater ;
void swim()
{
if(swiminwater)
cout<<"it swims fast"<<endl;
else
cout<<"it swim slow"<<endl;
}
};
class shark:public fish
{
public:
shark()
{
swiminwater = true;
}
};
class smallfish:public fish
{
public:
smallfish()
{
swiminwater= false;
}
};
int main()
{
shark fish1;
smallfish fish2;
fish1.swim();
fish2.swim();
return 0;
}
这个程序定义了三个类,其中shark和smallfish是对fish的继承,就是说这两则都是继承了fish这个类里面的东西,即鱼的共性。
当然这个只要看过就好,接下来将讲述继承之中的一些难题,当然会有很多东西摘自互联网。
1.继承的方法:公有,保护,私有三种,所以下来讲述保护欲私有(当然公有继承就一带而过,无需讲述)
(1)保护:所谓保护就是对基类中的一些变量进行保护,如上述代码所示,如果在main函数中对
这样会是基类中的变量不安全。这是就需要protected来实现对一些变量的保护。入代码swiminwater进行修改将会对派生类中的的对象造成不可避免的
损坏
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class fish
{
//注意protected
protected:
bool swiminwater ;
public:
void swim()
{
if(swiminwater)
cout<<"it swims fast"<<endl;
else
cout<<"it swim slow"<<endl;
}
};
class shark:public fish
{
public:
shark()
{
swiminwater = true;
}
};
class smallfish:public fish
{
public:
smallfish()
{
swiminwater= false;
}
};
int main()
{
shark fish1;
smallfish fish2;
//fish1.swiminwater = false;
//在主函数中奖无法修改protected中的值
fish1.swim();
fish2.swim();
return 0;
}
(2)私有:显而易见是只有自己能使用的。对于保护其实我们还是可是在派生类中对其经行一些操作的,但是私有则是拒绝了对齐的操作。就算是赋也是无法进行的。入代码
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class fish
{
//注意此处为private
private:
bool swiminwater ;
public:
void swim()
{
if(swiminwater)
cout<<"it swims fast"<<endl;
else
cout<<"it swim slow"<<endl;
}
};
class shark:public fish
{
public:
shark()
{
swiminwater = true;此处将会报错
}
};
class smallfish:public fish
{
public:
smallfish()
{
swiminwater= false;此处将会报错
}
};
int main()
{
shark fish1;
smallfish fish2;
fish1.swim();
fish2.swim();
fish1.out();
return 0;
}
2.覆盖:就是在派生类中出现了返回值与特征表相同的方法,从而使基类中的方法被替代。注:其中涉及到基类的初始化,将会在3中进行讲述
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class fish
{
private:
bool swiminwater ;
public:
fish(bool swimfish):swiminwater(swimfish){}//这就是对基类的初始化
void swim()
{
if(swiminwater)
cout<<"it swim flast"<<endl;
else
cout<<"it swim slow"<<endl;
}
};
class shark:public fish
{
public:
shark():fish(true){}
void swim()
{
cout<<"it swims slow"<<endl;
}
};
class smallfish:public fish
{
public:
smallfish():fish(false){}
void swim()
{
cout<<"it swims fast"<<endl;
}
};
int main()
{
shark fish1;
smallfish fish2;
cout<<"it is shark,it should be fast but"<<endl;
fish1.swim();
cout<<"it is smallfish, it should be slow but"<<endl;
fish2.swim();
return 0;
}
由输出结果可见,原本的输出出现了错误,即fish1.swim();所使用的方法是来自class shark中的swim()这就是对基类的覆盖
当然也有解决的方法。
方法:在main中使用作用于解析运算符(::)
fish1.fish::swim();