Python cookbook进阶学习-元编程（一）

一、在函数上添加包装器

import time
from functools import wraps


def timethis(func):
    '''
    decorator that reports the execution time.
    '''
    @wraps(func)
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        start = time.time()
        result = func(*args, **kwargs)
        end = time.time()
        print(func.__name__, end-start)
        return result
    return wrapper


@timethis
def countdown(n):
    while n > 0:
        n = n-1

使用内置装饰器
1.wraps保留函数元信息，能通过wrapped属性直接访问被包装函数，在底层访问到函数签名等信息。
2.property获取属性
3.setter和getter
4.classmethod类方法 staticmethod 静态方法

class Student(object):
    def __init__(self, name):
        self._name = name

    @property
    def name(self):
        return self._name

    @name.setter
    def name(self, value):
        if value is not None:
            self._name = value

    @classmethod       
    def fun1(cls):
        pass

    @staticmethod
    def fun2():
        pass

二、带参数的装饰器

from functools import wraps
import logging

def logged(level, name=None, message=None):

    def decorate(func):
        logname = name if name else func.__module__
        log = logging.getLogger(logname)
        logmsg = message if message else func.__name__

        @wraps(func)
        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
            log.log(level, logmsg)
            return func(*args, **kwargs)
        return wrapper
    return decorate

@logged(logging.DEBUG)
def add(x, y):
    return x+y

@logged(logging.CRITICAL, 'example')
def spam():
    print('spam')

三、可自定义属性的装饰器
使用nonlocal

from functools import partial, wraps
import logging


def attach_wrapper(obj, func=None):
    if func is None:
        return partial(attach_wrapper, obj)
    setattr(obj, func.__name__, func)
    return func


def logged(level, name=None, message=None):

    def decorate(func):
        logname = name if name else func.__module__
        log = logging.getLogger(logname)
        logmsg = message if message else func.__name__

        @wraps(func)
        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
            log.log(level, logmsg)
            return func(*args, **kwargs)

        @attach_wrapper(wrapper)
        def set_level(newlevel):
            nonlocal level
            level = newlevel

        @attach_wrapper(wrapper)
        def set_message(newmsg):
            nonlocal message
            message = newmsg

        return wrapper
    return decorate

使用例子