Numpy——学习吴恩达老师机器学习课程中资料的简单总结

NumPy is a library that extends the base capabilities of python to add a richer data set including more numeric types, vectors, matrices, and many matrix functions. NumPy and python work together fairly seamlessly. Python arithmetic operators work on NumPy data types and many NumPy functions will accept python data types.  【seamlessy:无缝地】

用numpy需要：import numpy as np  (np别名）

一、向量Vector

（一）向量的创建

# NumPy routines which allocate memory and fill arrays with value

a = np.zeros(4);                
print(f"np.zeros(4) :   a = {a}, a shape = {a.shape}, a data type = {a.dtype}")

a = np.zeros((4,));             
print(f"np.zeros(4,) :  a = {a}, a shape = {a.shape}, a data type = {a.dtype}")

a = np.random.random_sample(4); 
print(f"np.random.random_sample(4): a = {a}, a shape = {a.shape}, a data type = {a.dtype}")

随机数种子，相当于给接下来生成的随机数一个初值，按照这个初值，按固定顺序生成随机数 

# NumPy routines which allocate memory and fill arrays with value but do not accept shape as input argument

a = np.arange(4.);              
print(f"np.arange(4.):     a = {a}, a shape = {a.shape}, a data type = {a.dtype}")

a = np.random.rand(4);          
print(f"np.random.rand(4): a = {a}, a shape = {a.shape}, a data type = {a.dtype}")

# NumPy routines which allocate memory and fill with user specified values
a = np.array([5,4,3,2]);  
print(f"np.array([5,4,3,2]):  a = {a},     a shape = {a.shape}, a data type = {a.dtype}")

a = np.array([5.,4,3,2]); 
print(f"np.array([5.,4,3,2]): a = {a}, a shape = {a.shape}, a data type = {a.dtype}")

 总结

1.np.zeros(n)  /  np.zeros((n,))  一维向量，n个值，每个值都是0 

2.np.arange(n)  一维向量，值为0到n-1

3.np.random.random_samples(n)  一维向量，n个[0,1)随机值

4.np.random.random(n)  一维向量，n个[0,1)随机值

5.np.array([3,2,4,2,1])  一维向量，指定元素

（二）索引和切片

#vector indexing operations on 1-D vectors
a = np.arange(10)
print(a)

#access an element
print(f"a[2].shape: {a[2].shape} a[2]  = {a[2]}, Accessing an element returns a scalar")

# access the last element, negative indexes count from the end
print(f"a[-1] = {a[-1]}")

#indexs must be within the range of the vector or they will produce and error
try:
    c = a[10]
except Exception as e:
    print("The error message you'll see is:")
    print(e)

#vector slicing operations
a = np.arange(10)
print(f"a         = {a}")

#access 5 consecutive elements (start:stop:step)
c = a[2:7:1];     print("a[2:7:1] = ", c)

# access 3 elements separated by two 
c = a[2:7:2];     print("a[2:7:2] = ", c)

# access all elements index 3 and above
c = a[3:];        print("a[3:]    = ", c)

# access all elements below index 3
c = a[:3];        print("a[:3]    = ", c)

# access all elements
c = a[:];         print("a[:]     = ", c)

 

（三）向量的计算

1.一些基本运算

a = np.array([1,2,3,4])
print(f"a             : {a}")
# negate elements of a
b = -a 
print(f"b = -a        : {b}")

# sum all elements of a, returns a scalar
b = np.sum(a) 
print(f"b = np.sum(a) : {b}")

b = np.mean(a)
print(f"b = np.mean(a): {b}")

b = a**2
print(f"b = a**2      : {b}")

 

2.向量的加法 

a = np.array([ 1, 2, 3, 4])
b = np.array([-1,-2, 3, 4])
print(f"Binary operators work element wise: {a + b}")

 

向量的加法需要同型（数量一样） ，不然：

#try a mismatched vector operation
c = np.array([1, 2])
try:
    d = a + c
except Exception as e:
    print("The error message you'll see is:")
    print(e)

3. 向量的数乘

a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])

# multiply a by a scalar
b = 5 * a 
print(f"b = 5 * a : {b}")

 4.向量的点乘

（1）用函数

def my_dot(a, b): 
    """
   Compute the dot product of two vectors
 
    Args:
      a (ndarray (n,)):  input vector 
      b (ndarray (n,)):  input vector with same dimension as a
    
    Returns:
      x (scalar): 
    """
    x=0
    for i in range(a.shape[0]):
        x = x + a[i] * b[i]
    return x

# test 1-D
a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
b = np.array([-1, 4, 3, 2])
print(f"my_dot(a, b) = {my_dot(a, b)}")

 

（2）np.dot

# test 1-D
a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
b = np.array([-1, 4, 3, 2])
c = np.dot(a, b)
print(f"NumPy 1-D np.dot(a, b) = {c}, np.dot(a, b).shape = {c.shape} ") 
c = np.dot(b, a)
print(f"NumPy 1-D np.dot(b, a) = {c}, np.dot(a, b).shape = {c.shape} ")

(3)比较这两种方法的快慢

import time
np.random.seed(1)
a = np.random.rand(10000000)  # very large arrays
b = np.random.rand(10000000)

tic = time.time()  # capture start time
c = np.dot(a, b)
toc = time.time()  # capture end time

print(f"np.dot(a, b) =  {c:.4f}")
print(f"Vectorized version duration: {1000*(toc-tic):.4f} ms ")

tic = time.time()  # capture start time
c = my_dot(a,b)
toc = time.time()  # capture end time

print(f"my_dot(a, b) =  {c:.4f}")
print(f"loop version duration: {1000*(toc-tic):.4f} ms ")

del(a);del(b)  #remove these big arrays from memory

np.dot方法耗时8.6598毫秒，而用循环的方法耗时2756.6850毫秒

二、矩阵Matrix

（一）矩阵的创建

相当于创建二维向量

a = np.zeros((1, 5))                                       
print(f"a shape = {a.shape}, a = {a}")                     

a = np.zeros((2, 1))                                                                   
print(f"a shape = {a.shape}, a = {a}") 

a = np.random.random_sample((1, 1))  
print(f"a shape = {a.shape}, a = {a}") 

 

# NumPy routines which allocate memory and fill with user specified values

a = np.array([[5], [4], [3]]);   
print(f" a shape = {a.shape}, np.array: a = {a}")

a = np.array([[5],   # One can also
              [4],   # separate values
              [3]]); #into separate rows
print(f" a shape = {a.shape}, np.array: a = {a}")

 

（二）索引和切片

#vector indexing operations on matrices
a = np.arange(6).reshape(-1, 2)   #reshape is a convenient way to create matrices
print(f"a.shape: {a.shape}, \na= {a}")

#access an element
print(f"\na[2,0].shape:   {a[2, 0].shape}, a[2,0] = {a[2, 0]},     type(a[2,0]) = {type(a[2, 0])} Accessing an element returns a scalar\n")

#access a row
print(f"a[2].shape:   {a[2].shape}, a[2]   = {a[2]}, type(a[2])   = {type(a[2])}")

 ▲用reshape()函数将一堆数组arr重塑成二维数组。当重塑高维矩阵时，不想花时间算某一维度的元素个数时，可以用-1取代，程序会自动帮你计算出来。比如把 12 个元素重塑成 (2, 6)，你可以写成 (2,-1) 或 (-1, 6)。

#vector 2-D slicing operations
a = np.arange(20).reshape(-1, 10)
print(f"a = \n{a}")

#access 5 consecutive elements (start:stop:step)
print("a[0, 2:7:1] = ", a[0, 2:7:1], ",  a[0, 2:7:1].shape =", a[0, 2:7:1].shape, "a 1-D array")

#access 5 consecutive elements (start:stop:step) in two rows
print("a[:, 2:7:1] = \n", a[:, 2:7:1], ",  a[:, 2:7:1].shape =", a[:, 2:7:1].shape, "a 2-D array")

# access all elements
print("a[:,:] = \n", a[:,:], ",  a[:,:].shape =", a[:,:].shape)

# access all elements in one row (very common usage)
print("a[1,:] = ", a[1,:], ",  a[1,:].shape =", a[1,:].shape, "a 1-D array")
# same as
print("a[1]   = ", a[1],   ",  a[1].shape   =", a[1].shape, "a 1-D array")