Hello World！的编译过程（C语言）

最新推荐文章于 2024-08-18 22:08:24 发布

LuckySou

最新推荐文章于 2024-08-18 22:08:24 发布

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分类专栏：计算机系统文章标签：计算机系统基础知识 c语言

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/LuckySou/article/details/53889169

版权

本文详细介绍了C语言程序从Hello World!源文件到可执行文件的编译过程，包括预处理、编译、汇编和链接四个阶段。通过mac系统的gcc命令，演示了每个阶段的具体操作，生成了.helloworld.i、.helloworld.s和.helloworld.o等中间文件，最终形成可执行的helloworld程序。编译过程中涉及计算机系统底层知识，为后续深入学习奠定基础。

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几乎所有学C语言编程的同学第一个接触的程序都是Hello World！。但是它是怎么由c文件转换为可执行文件的呢？
源文件(helloworld.c)如下：

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    printf("Hello World!\n");
    return 0;
}

以mac为例，使用命令：

gcc -o helloworld helloworld.c

这条命令实际上隐含了编译的4个过程：预处理、编译、汇编和链接

预处理
预处理器（cpp）根据#开头的命令，将所需的信息直接插入到源文件内，以此得到另一个c程序，通常以.i为扩展名，如helloworld.i
使用以下命令可生成helloworld.i

gcc -E helloworld.c -o helloworld.i

查看helloworld.i可以看到原本的.c文件已经被扩展成了相当有规模的一个文件。
apple$ cat helloworld.i
# 1 "helloworld.c"
# 1 "<built-in>" 1
# 1 "<built-in>" 3
# 330 "<built-in>" 3
# 1 "<command line>" 1
# 1 "<built-in>" 2
# 1 "helloworld.c" 2
# 1 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/stdio.h" 1 3 4
# 64 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
# 1 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/cdefs.h" 1 3 4
# 587 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/cdefs.h" 3 4
# 1 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/_symbol_aliasing.h" 1 3 4
# 588 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/cdefs.h" 2 3 4
# 653 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/cdefs.h" 3 4
# 1 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/_posix_availability.h" 1 3 4
# 654 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/cdefs.h" 2 3 4
# 65 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/Availability.h" 1 3 4
# 176 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/Availability.h" 3 4
# 1 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/AvailabilityInternal.h" 1 3 4
# 177 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/Availability.h" 2 3 4
# 66 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4

# 1 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/_types.h" 1 3 4
# 27 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/_types.h" 3 4
# 1 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/_types.h" 1 3 4
# 33 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/_types.h" 3 4
# 1 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/machine/_types.h" 1 3 4
# 32 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/machine/_types.h" 3 4
# 1 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/i386/_types.h" 1 3 4
# 37 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/i386/_types.h" 3 4
typedef signed char __int8_t;



typedef unsigned char __uint8_t;
typedef short __int16_t;
typedef unsigned short __uint16_t;
typedef int __int32_t;
typedef unsigned int __uint32_t;
typedef long long __int64_t;
typedef unsigned long long __uint64_t;

typedef long __darwin_intptr_t;
typedef unsigned int __darwin_natural_t;
# 70 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/i386/_types.h" 3 4
typedef int __darwin_ct_rune_t;





typedef union {
 char __mbstate8[128];
 long long _mbstateL;
} __mbstate_t;

typedef __mbstate_t __darwin_mbstate_t;


typedef long int __darwin_ptrdiff_t;







typedef long unsigned int __darwin_size_t;





typedef __builtin_va_list __darwin_va_list;





typedef int __darwin_wchar_t;




typedef __darwin_wchar_t __darwin_rune_t;


typedef int __darwin_wint_t;




typedef unsigned long __darwin_clock_t;
typedef __uint32_t __darwin_socklen_t;
typedef long __darwin_ssize_t;
typedef long __darwin_time_t;
# 33 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/machine/_types.h" 2 3 4
# 34 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/_types.h" 2 3 4
# 55 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/_types.h" 3 4
typedef __int64_t __darwin_blkcnt_t;
typedef __int32_t __darwin_blksize_t;
typedef __int32_t __darwin_dev_t;
typedef unsigned int __darwin_fsblkcnt_t;
typedef unsigned int __darwin_fsfilcnt_t;
typedef __uint32_t __darwin_gid_t;
typedef __uint32_t __darwin_id_t;
typedef __uint64_t __darwin_ino64_t;

typedef __darwin_ino64_t __darwin_ino_t;



typedef __darwin_natural_t __darwin_mach_port_name_t;
typedef __darwin_mach_port_name_t __darwin_mach_port_t;