实践1:信号量实现进程互斥
父子进程执行流程如下:
父进程 | 子进程 |
P | P |
O(print) | X(print) |
sleep | sleep |
O(print) | X(print) |
V | V |
sleep | sleep |
从图中可以看出, O或X总是成对出现的, 要么两个O, 要么两个X;
- /**P,V原语实现父子进程互斥使用终端**/
- // 程序代码
- int main(int argc,char *argv[])
- {
- int semid = sem_create(IPC_PRIVATE);
- sem_setval(semid, 1);
- int count = 10;
- pid_t pid = fork();
- if (pid == -1)
- err_exit("fork error");
- else if (pid > 0) //子进程
- {
- srand(getpid());
- while (count --)
- {
- sem_P(semid);
- //临界区开始
- cout << 'X';
- fflush(stdout); //一定要加上ffflush, 因为中断是行缓冲的
- sleep(rand()%3);
- cout << 'X';
- fflush(stdout);
- //临界区结束
- sem_V(semid);
- sleep(rand()%3);
- }
- }
- else //父进程
- {
- srand(getpid());
- while (count --)
- {
- sem_P(semid);
- //临界区开始
- cout << 'O';
- fflush(stdout);
- sleep(rand()%3);
- cout << 'O';
- fflush(stdout);
- //临界区结束
- sem_V(semid);
- sleep(rand()%3);
- }
- wait(NULL);
- sem_delete(semid);
- }
- return 0;
- }
实践2: 信号量集解决哲学家进餐问题
假设有五位哲学家围坐在一张圆形餐桌旁,做以下两件事情之一:吃饭,或者思考。吃东西的时候,他们就停止思考,思考的时候也停止吃东西。每两个哲学家之间有一只餐叉。因为用一只餐叉很难吃饭,所以假设哲学家必须用两只餐叉吃东西, 而且他们只能使用自己左右手边的那两只餐叉。
- /**
- 解决的方法采用的是: 只有左右两个刀叉都能够使用时,才拿起两个刀叉
- 实现了有死锁和无死锁的两种形式的wait_2fork(见下)
- **/
- int semid;
- //没有死锁的wait
- void wait_2fork(unsigned short no)
- {
- unsigned short left = no;
- unsigned short right = (no+1)%5;
- struct sembuf sops[2] = {{left, -1, 0}, {right, -1, 0}};
- //同时获取左右两把刀叉
- if (semop(semid, sops, 2) == -1)
- err_exit("wait_2fork error");
- }
- /*
- //有死锁的wait
- void wait_2fork(unsigned short no)
- {
- unsigned short left = no;
- unsigned short right = (no+1)%5;
- struct sembuf sops = {left, -1, 0};
- //获取左边的刀叉
- if (semop(semid, &sops, 1) == -1)
- err_exit("wait_2fork error");
- sleep(4); //沉睡几秒, 加速死锁的产生
- sops.sem_num = right;
- //获取右边的刀叉
- if (semop(semid, &sops, 1) == -1)
- err_exit("wait_2fork error");
- }
- */
- //释放两把刀叉
- void signal_2fork(unsigned short no)
- {
- unsigned short left = no;
- unsigned short right = (no+1)%5;
- struct sembuf sops[2] = {{left, 1, 0}, {right, 1, 0}};
- if (semop(semid, sops, 2) == -1)
- err_exit("signal_2fork error");
- }
- //哲学家
- void philosopher(unsigned short no)
- {
- srand(time(NULL));
- while (true)
- {
- cout << no << " is thinking" << endl;
- sleep(rand()%5+1);
- cout << no << " is hunger" << endl;
- wait_2fork(no); //获取两把刀叉
- //进餐
- cout << "++ " << no << " is eating" << endl;
- sleep(rand()%5+1);
- signal_2fork(no);//释放两把刀叉
- }
- }
- int main()
- {
- // 创建一个信号量集: 里面包含5个信号量
- semid = semget(IPC_PRIVATE, 5, IPC_CREAT|0666);
- if (semid == -1)
- err_exit("semget error");
- //将每个信号量都设初值为1
- union semun su;
- su.val = 1;
- for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i)
- if (semctl(semid, i, SETVAL, su) == -1)
- err_exit("semctl SETVAL error");
- //创建四个子进程, 将每个进程的编号设定为no
- pid_t pid;
- unsigned short no = 0;
- for (unsigned short i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
- {
- pid = fork();
- if (pid == -1)
- err_exit("fork error");
- else if (pid == 0)
- {
- no = i+1;
- break;
- }
- }
- // 最后五个进程(4个子进程+1个父进程)都会汇集到此处,
- // 每个进程代表着一个哲学家,编号no: 0~4
- philosopher(no);
- return 0;
- }