TFRecords

官网：
https://www.tensorflow.org/versions/r0.12/how_tos/reading_data/

有三种方式可以读取数据给TensorFlow

• 每一步都用python来提供数据（feed_dict）
• 从文件读取 （很大的数据集不能一次载入内存，当然要从文件读取啦）
  an input pipeline reads the data from files at the beginning of a TensorFlow graph.
• 预加载（小数据）

读取文件

一般流程
1. 文件列表
2. （可选）文件名shuffle
3. （可选）epoch 限制
4. 文件名队列
5. 适合文件类型的Reader
6. 解码器
7. （可选）预处理
8. 示例队列

而在tf中，标准的文件格式就是tfrecords，是二进制编码的数据。
先来看看官网怎么说的：
tf.train.Example定义数据格式:

The recommended format for TensorFlow is a TFRecords file containing tf.train.Example protocol buffers (which contain Features as a field).

tf.python_io.TFRecordWriter写入tfrecords:

You write a little program that gets your data, stuffs it in an Example protocol buffer, serializes the protocol buffer to a string, and then writes the string to a TFRecords file using the tf.python_io.TFRecordWriterclass.
示例：convert_to_records.py

用tf.parse_single_example解码，tf.TFRecordReader读取

To read a file of TFRecords, use tf.TFRecordReaderwith thetf.parse_single_exampledecoder.
示例：fully_connected_reader.py

data IO：
https://www.tensorflow.org/versions/r0.12/api_docs/python/python_io/#tfrecords_format_details

• class tf.python_io.TFRecordWriter
• tf.python_io.TFRecordWriter.__init__(path, options=None) path是写入tfrecord的路径
• tf.python_io.TFRecordWriter.write(record) record ：string
• tf.python_io.TFRecordWriter.close() 结束写操作
• tf.python_io.TFRecordWriter.__enter__() Enter a with block.
• tf.python_io.TFRecordWriter.__exit__(unused_type, unused_value, unused_traceback)
• tf.python_io.tf_record_iterator(path, options=None)
• class tf.python_io.TFRecordCompressionType
• class tf.python_io.TFRecordOptions
• tf.python_io.TFRecordOptions.__init__(compression_type)
• tf.python_io.TFRecordOptions.get_compression_type_string(cls, options)

---

write to TFRecords

# Copyright 2015 The TensorFlow Authors. All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
# ==============================================================================

"""Converts MNIST data to TFRecords file format with Example protos."""
from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function

import argparse
import os
import sys

import tensorflow as tf

from tensorflow.contrib.learn.python.learn.datasets import mnist

FLAGS = None


def _int64_feature(value):
  return tf.train.Feature(int64_list=tf.train.Int64List(value=[value]))


def _bytes_feature(value):
  return tf.train.Feature(bytes_list=tf.train.BytesList(value=[value]))


def convert_to(data_set, name):
  """Converts a dataset to tfrecords."""
  images = data_set.images
  labels = data_set.labels
  num_examples = data_set.num_examples

  if images.shape[0] != num_examples:
    raise ValueError('Images size %d does not match label size %d.' %
                     (images.shape[0], num_examples))
  rows = images.shape[1]
  cols = images.shape[2]
  depth = images.shape[3]

  filename = os.path.join(FLAGS.directory, name + '.tfrecords') 
  print('Writing', filename)
  with tf.python_io.TFRecordWriter(filename) as writer: #定义writer
    for index in range(num_examples):
      image_raw = images[index].tostring()
      example = tf.train.Example(
          features=tf.train.Features(
              feature={
                  'height': _int64_feature(rows),
                  'width': _int64_feature(cols),
                  'depth': _int64_feature(depth),
                  'label': _int64_feature(int(labels[index])),
                  'image_raw': _bytes_feature(image_raw)
              }))#定义数据格式
      writer.write(example.SerializeToString()) #序列化之后写入


def main(unused_argv):
  # Get the data.
  data_sets = mnist.read_data_sets(FLAGS.directory,
                                   dtype=tf.uint8,
                                   reshape=False,
                                   validation_size=FLAGS.validation_size)

  # Convert to Examples and write the result to TFRecords.
  convert_to(data_sets.train, 'train')
  convert_to(data_sets.validation, 'validation')
  convert_to(data_sets.test, 'test')


if __name__ == '__main__':
  parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
  parser.add_argument(
      '--directory',
      type=str,
      default='/tmp/data',
      help='Directory to download data files and write the converted result'
  )
  parser.add_argument(
      '--validation_size',
      type=int,
      default=5000,
      help="""\
      Number of examples to separate from the training data for the validation
      set.\
      """
  )
  FLAGS, unparsed = parser.parse_known_args()
  tf.app.run(main=main, argv=[sys.argv[0]] + unparsed)

read TFRecords

# Copyright 2015 The TensorFlow Authors. All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
# ==============================================================================

"""Train and Eval the MNIST network.
This version is like fully_connected_feed.py but uses data converted
to a TFRecords file containing tf.train.Example protocol buffers.
See:
https://www.tensorflow.org/programmers_guide/reading_data#reading_from_files
for context.
YOU MUST run convert_to_records before running this (but you only need to
run it once).
"""
from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function

import argparse
import os.path
import sys
import time

import tensorflow as tf

from tensorflow.examples.tutorials.mnist import mnist

# Basic model parameters as external flags.
FLAGS = None

# Constants used for dealing with the files, matches convert_to_records.
TRAIN_FILE = 'train.tfrecords'
VALIDATION_FILE = 'validation.tfrecords'


def decode(serialized_example):
  features = tf.parse_single_example( #解码
      serialized_example,
      # Defaults are not specified since both keys are required.
      features={
          'image_raw': tf.FixedLenFeature([], tf.string),
          'label': tf.FixedLenFeature([], tf.int64),
      })

  # Convert from a scalar string tensor (whose single string has
  # length mnist.IMAGE_PIXELS) to a uint8 tensor with shape
  # [mnist.IMAGE_PIXELS].
  image = tf.decode_raw(features['image_raw'], tf.uint8)
  image.set_shape((mnist.IMAGE_PIXELS))

  # Convert label from a scalar uint8 tensor to an int32 scalar.
  label = tf.cast(features['label'], tf.int32)

  return image, label

def augment(image, label):
  # OPTIONAL: Could reshape into a 28x28 image and apply distortions
  # here.  Since we are not applying any distortions in this
  # example, and the next step expects the image to be flattened
  # into a vector, we don't bother.
  return image, label

def normalize(image, label):
  # Convert from [0, 255] -> [-0.5, 0.5] floats.
  image = tf.cast(image, tf.float32) * (1. / 255) - 0.5

  return image, label

def inputs(train, batch_size, num_epochs):
  """Reads input data num_epochs times.
  Args:
    train: Selects between the training (True) and validation (False) data.
    batch_size: Number of examples per returned batch.
    num_epochs: Number of times to read the input data, or 0/None to
       train forever.
  Returns:
    A tuple (images, labels), where:
    * images is a float tensor with shape [batch_size, mnist.IMAGE_PIXELS]
      in the range [-0.5, 0.5].
    * labels is an int32 tensor with shape [batch_size] with the true label,
      a number in the range [0, mnist.NUM_CLASSES).
    This function creates a one_shot_iterator, meaning that it will only iterate
    over the dataset once. On the other hand there is no special initialization
    required.
  """
  if not num_epochs: num_epochs = None
  filename = os.path.join(FLAGS.train_dir,
                          TRAIN_FILE if train else VALIDATION_FILE)

  with tf.name_scope('input'):
    # TFRecordDataset opens a protobuf and reads entries line by line
    # could also be [list, of, filenames]
    dataset = tf.data.TFRecordDataset(filename)
    dataset = dataset.repeat(num_epochs)

    # map takes a python function and applies it to every sample
    dataset = dataset.map(decode)
    dataset = dataset.map(augment)
    dataset = dataset.map(normalize)

    #the parameter is the queue size
    dataset = dataset.shuffle(1000 + 3 * batch_size)
    dataset = dataset.batch(batch_size)

    iterator = dataset.make_one_shot_iterator()
  return iterator.get_next()


def run_training():
  """Train MNIST for a number of steps."""

  # Tell TensorFlow that the model will be built into the default Graph.
  with tf.Graph().as_default():
    # Input images and labels.
    image_batch, label_batch = inputs(train=True, batch_size=FLAGS.batch_size,
                               num_epochs=FLAGS.num_epochs)

    # Build a Graph that computes predictions from the inference model.
    logits = mnist.inference(image_batch,
                             FLAGS.hidden1,
                             FLAGS.hidden2)

    # Add to the Graph the loss calculation.
    loss = mnist.loss(logits, label_batch)

    # Add to the Graph operations that train the model.
    train_op = mnist.training(loss, FLAGS.learning_rate)

    # The op for initializing the variables.
    init_op = tf.group(tf.global_variables_initializer(),
                       tf.local_variables_initializer())

    # Create a session for running operations in the Graph.
    with tf.Session() as sess:
      # Initialize the variables (the trained variables and the
      # epoch counter).
      sess.run(init_op)
      try:
        step = 0
        while True: #train until OutOfRangeError
          start_time = time.time()

          # Run one step of the model.  The return values are
          # the activations from the `train_op` (which is
          # discarded) and the `loss` op.  To inspect the values
          # of your ops or variables, you may include them in
          # the list passed to sess.run() and the value tensors
          # will be returned in the tuple from the call.
          _, loss_value = sess.run([train_op, loss])

          duration = time.time() - start_time

          # Print an overview fairly often.
          if step % 100 == 0:
            print('Step %d: loss = %.2f (%.3f sec)' % (step, loss_value,
                                                     duration))
          step += 1
      except tf.errors.OutOfRangeError:
        print('Done training for %d epochs, %d steps.' % (FLAGS.num_epochs, step))

def main(_):
  run_training()


if __name__ == '__main__':
  parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
  parser.add_argument(
      '--learning_rate',
      type=float,
      default=0.01,
      help='Initial learning rate.'
  )
  parser.add_argument(
      '--num_epochs',
      type=int,
      default=2,
      help='Number of epochs to run trainer.'
  )
  parser.add_argument(
      '--hidden1',
      type=int,
      default=128,
      help='Number of units in hidden layer 1.'
  )
  parser.add_argument(
      '--hidden2',
      type=int,
      default=32,
      help='Number of units in hidden layer 2.'
  )
  parser.add_argument(
      '--batch_size',
      type=int,
      default=100,
      help='Batch size.'
  )
  parser.add_argument(
      '--train_dir',
      type=str,
      default='/tmp/data',
      help='Directory with the training data.'
  )
  FLAGS, unparsed = parser.parse_known_args()
  tf.app.run(main=main, argv=[sys.argv[0]] + unparsed)

http://warmspringwinds.github.io/tensorflow/tf-slim/2016/12/21/tfrecords-guide/
http://blog.csdn.net/u012759136/article/details/52232266
http://blog.csdn.net/matrix_space/article/details/60962026
https://github.com/ferreirafabio/video2tfrecords