Netty通信框架提供解决TCP粘包拆包问题方案

文章转自:http://www.cnblogs.com/wade-luffy/p/6165671.html无论是服务端还是客户端,当我们读取或者发送消息的时候,都需要考虑TCP底层的粘包/拆包机制。

TCP粘包/拆包

TCP是个“流”协议,所谓流,就是没有界限的一串数据。大家可以想想河里的流水,是连成一片的,其间并没有分界线。TCP底层并不了解上层业务数据的具体含义,它会根据TCP缓冲区的实际情况进行包的划分,所以在业务上认为,一个完整的包可能会被TCP拆分成多个包进行发送,也有可能把多个小的包封装成一个大的数据包发送,这就是所谓的TCP粘包和拆包问题。

TCP粘包/拆包问题说明

假设客户端分别发送了两个数据包D1和D2给服务端,由于服务端一次读取到的字节数是不确定的,故可能存在以下4种情况。

(1)服务端分两次读取到了两个独立的数据包,分别是D1和D2,没有粘包和拆包;

(2)服务端一次接收到了两个数据包,D1和D2粘合在一起,被称为TCP粘包;

(3)服务端分两次读取到了两个数据包,第一次读取到了完整的D1包和D2包的部分内容,第二次读取到了D2包的剩余内容,这被称为TCP拆包;

(4)服务端分两次读取到了两个数据包,第一次读取到了D1包的部分内容D1_1,第二次读取到了D1包的剩余内容D1_2和D2包的整包。

如果此时服务端TCP接收滑窗非常小,而数据包D1和D2比较大,很有可能会发生第五种可能,即服务端分多次才能将D1和D2包接收完全,期间发生多次拆包。

TCP粘包/拆包发生的原因

问题产生的原因有三个,分别如下。

(1)应用程序write写入的字节大小大于套接口发送缓冲区大小;

(2)进行MSS大小的TCP分段;

(3)以太网帧的payload大于MTU进行IP分片。

 

粘包问题的解决策略

由于底层的TCP无法理解上层的业务数据,所以在底层是无法保证数据包不被拆分和重组的,这个问题只能通过上层的应用协议栈设计来解决,根据业界的主流协议的解决方案,可以归纳如下。

(1)消息定长,例如每个报文的大小为固定长度200字节,如果不够,空位补空格;

(2)在包尾增加回车换行符进行分割,例如FTP协议;

(3)将消息分为消息头和消息体,消息头中包含表示消息总长度(或者消息体长度)的字段,通常设计思路为消息头的第一个字段使用int32来表示消息的总长度;

(4)更复杂的应用层协议。

LineBasedFrameDecoder与StringDecoder解决TCP粘包问题

为了解决TCP粘包/拆包导致的半包读写问题,Netty默认提供了多种编解码器用于处理半包,只要能熟练掌握这些类库的使用,TCP粘包问题从此会变得非常容易,你甚至不需要关心它们,这也是其他NIO框架和JDK原生的NIO API所无法匹敌的。

服务端代码:

/*
 * Copyright 2013-2018 Lilinfeng.
 *  
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *  
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *  
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package com.phei.netty.frame.correct;

import io.netty.bootstrap.ServerBootstrap;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelInitializer;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelOption;
import io.netty.channel.EventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.socket.SocketChannel;
import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioServerSocketChannel;
import io.netty.handler.codec.LineBasedFrameDecoder;
import io.netty.handler.codec.string.StringDecoder;

/**
 * @author lilinfeng
 * @date 2014年2月14日
 * @version 1.0
 */
public class TimeServer {

	public void bind(int port) throws Exception {
		// 配置服务端的NIO线程组
		EventLoopGroup bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
		EventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
		try {
			ServerBootstrap b = new ServerBootstrap();
			b.group(bossGroup, workerGroup).channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class).option(ChannelOption.SO_BACKLOG, 1024)
					.childHandler(new ChildChannelHandler());
			// 绑定端口,同步等待成功
			ChannelFuture f = b.bind(port).sync();

			// 等待服务端监听端口关闭
			f.channel().closeFuture().sync();
		} finally {
			// 优雅退出,释放线程池资源
			bossGroup.shutdownGracefully();
			workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();
		}
	}

	private class ChildChannelHandler extends ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel> {
		@Override
		protected void initChannel(SocketChannel arg0) throws Exception {
			arg0.pipeline().addLast(new LineBasedFrameDecoder(1024));
			arg0.pipeline().addLast(new StringDecoder());
			arg0.pipeline().addLast(new TimeServerHandler());
		}
	}

	/**
	 * @param args
	 * @throws Exception
	 */
	public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
		int port = 8080;
		if (args != null && args.length > 0) {
			try {
				port = Integer.valueOf(args[0]);
			} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
				// 采用默认值
			}
		}
		new TimeServer().bind(port);
	}
}

/*
 * Copyright 2012 The Netty Project
 *
 * The Netty Project licenses this file to you under the Apache License,
 * version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 * with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at:
 *
 *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
 * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
 * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 * under the License.
 */
package com.phei.netty.frame.correct;

import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerAdapter;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;

/**
 * @author lilinfeng
 * @date 2014年2月14日
 * @version 1.0
 */
public class TimeServerHandler extends ChannelHandlerAdapter {

	private int counter;

	@Override
	public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
		String body = (String) msg;
		System.out.println("The time server receive order : " + body + " ; the counter is : " + ++counter);
		String currentTime = "QUERY TIME ORDER".equalsIgnoreCase(body)
				? new java.util.Date(System.currentTimeMillis()).toString() : "BAD ORDER";
		currentTime = currentTime + System.getProperty("line.separator");
		ByteBuf resp = Unpooled.copiedBuffer(currentTime.getBytes());
		ctx.writeAndFlush(resp);
	}

	@Override
	public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) {
		ctx.close();
	}
}

客户端代码:

/*
 * Copyright 2013-2018 Lilinfeng.
 *  
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *  
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *  
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package com.phei.netty.frame.correct;

import io.netty.bootstrap.Bootstrap;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelInitializer;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelOption;
import io.netty.channel.EventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.socket.SocketChannel;
import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioSocketChannel;
import io.netty.handler.codec.LineBasedFrameDecoder;
import io.netty.handler.codec.string.StringDecoder;

/**
 * @author lilinfeng
 * @date 2014年2月14日
 * @version 1.0
 */
public class TimeClient {

	public void connect(int port, String host) throws Exception {
		// 配置客户端NIO线程组
		EventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();
		try {
			Bootstrap b = new Bootstrap();
			b.group(group).channel(NioSocketChannel.class).option(ChannelOption.TCP_NODELAY, true)
					.handler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
						@Override
						public void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
							ch.pipeline().addLast(new LineBasedFrameDecoder(1024));
							ch.pipeline().addLast(new StringDecoder());
							ch.pipeline().addLast(new TimeClientHandler());
						}
					});

			// 发起异步连接操作
			ChannelFuture f = b.connect(host, port).sync();

			// 当代客户端链路关闭
			f.channel().closeFuture().sync();
		} finally {
			// 优雅退出,释放NIO线程组
			group.shutdownGracefully();
		}
	}

	/**
	 * @param args
	 * @throws Exception
	 */
	public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
		int port = 8080;
		if (args != null && args.length > 0) {
			try {
				port = Integer.valueOf(args[0]);
			} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
				// 采用默认值
			}
		}
		new TimeClient().connect(port, "127.0.0.1");
	}
}

/*
 * Copyright 2012 The Netty Project
 *
 * The Netty Project licenses this file to you under the Apache License,
 * version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 * with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at:
 *
 *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
 * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
 * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 * under the License.
 */
package com.phei.netty.frame.correct;

import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerAdapter;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;

import java.util.logging.Logger;

/**
 * @author lilinfeng
 * @date 2014年2月14日
 * @version 1.0
 */
public class TimeClientHandler extends ChannelHandlerAdapter {

	private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(TimeClientHandler.class.getName());

	private int counter;

	private byte[] req;

	/**
	 * Creates a client-side handler.
	 */
	public TimeClientHandler() {
		req = ("QUERY TIME ORDER" + System.getProperty("line.separator")).getBytes();
	}

	@Override
	public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) {
		ByteBuf message = null;
		for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
			message = Unpooled.buffer(req.length);
			message.writeBytes(req);
			ctx.writeAndFlush(message);
		}
	}

	@Override
	public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
		String body = (String) msg;
		System.out.println("Now is : " + body + " ; the counter is : " + ++counter);
	}

	@Override
	public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) {
		// 释放资源
		logger.warning("Unexpected exception from downstream : " + cause.getMessage());
		ctx.close();
	}
}

解决TCP粘包、拆包的核心代码如下:

ch.pipeline().addLast(new LineBasedFrameDecoder(1024));
ch.pipeline().addLast(new StringDecoder());

处理粘包拆包的原理:

LineBasedFrameDecoder的工作原理是它依次遍历ByteBuf中的可读字节判断看是否有“\n”或者“\r\n”如果有,就以此位置为结束位置,从可读索引到结束位置区间的字节就组成了一行。它是以换行符为结束标志的解码器,支持携带结束符或者不携带结束符两种解码方式,同时支持配置单行的最大长度。如果连续读取到最大长度后仍然没有发现换行符,就会抛出异常,同时忽略掉之前读到的异常码流。

StringDecoder的功能非常简单,就是将接收到的对象转换成字符串,然后继续调用后面的handler。LineBasedFrameDecoder + StringDecoder组合就是按行切换的文本解码器,它被设计用来支持TCP的粘包和拆包。

如果发送的消息不是以换行符结束的该怎么办呢?或者没有回车换行符,靠消息头中的长度字段来分包怎么办?是不是需要自己写半包解码器?答案是否定的,Netty提供了多种支持TCP粘包/拆包的解码器,用来满足用户的不同诉求。

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