CentOS下升级python版本

源码安装python

• 安装python源码所依赖的工具及依赖的库

  yum install -y make gcc gcc-c++
  yum install -y bzip2 bzip2-devel zlib-devel
  yum install -y openssl openssl-devel readline-devel sqlite-devel
  yum install -y make xz
  

• 下载安装python源码

  从官方网站或者华为镜像源下载所有需的源码包，此处以Python-2.7.18.tar.xz为例.

  wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/2.7.18/Python-2.7.18.tar.xz
  yum -y install make xz
  xz -d Python-2.7.18.tar.xz
  tar xvf Python-2.7.18.tar
  mkdir -p Python-2.7.18/build
  cd Python-2.7.18/build
  ../configure --enable-shared --enable-optimizations --prefix=/usr/local/python2
  make
  make install
  

  make install can overwrite or masquerade the python3 binary. make altinstall is therefore recommended instead of make install since it only installs exec_prefix/bin/pythonversion.

• 通过下面命令可以查看安装包的路径

  $ python -c "from distutils.sysconfig import get_python_lib; print (get_python_lib())"
  /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages
  $ python -c "import os; print os.__file__"
  /usr/lib64/python2.7/os.pyc
  $ python -c "import sys; print sys.executable"
  /usr/bin/python
  

• 其他配置

  • 解决python运行时找不到动态库的问题

    echo /usr/local/python2/lib > /etc/ld.so.conf.d/python27-x86_64.conf  # 将/usr/local/python2/lib添加到/etc/ld.so.conf文件末尾
    ldconfig
    

  • 工具yum使用的原版的python，在这里需要处理。
    vi /usr/bin/yum

    将第一行的#!/usr/bin/python修改为系统原有的python版本地址#!/usr/bin/python2.6

• python升级脚本

  #!/bin/bash
  
  FILE_DIR=$(cd "$(dirname "$0")"; pwd)
  
  function upgrade_python {
      # 安装编译python源码必须的工具
      yum -y install wget xz 
      yum -y install gcc gcc-c++
      yum -y install make automake autoconf
      
      yum -y install bzip2 bzip2-devel bzip2-libs zlib-devel readline-devel
      yum -y install openssl openssl-devel
      yum -y install bind-utils
  
      # 下载python源码包
      [ -e Python-2.7.18.tar.xz ] || wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/2.7.18/Python-2.7.18.tar.xz
  
      xz -k -d Python-2.7.18.tar.xz
      tar xvf Python-2.7.18.tar
      mkdir -p Python-2.7.18/build
      cd Python-2.7.18/build
      ../configure --enable-shared --enable-optimizations --prefix=/usr/local/python2
      make
      make install
      cd "${FILE_DIR}"
  
      # 解决Python运行时找不到动态库的问题
      echo "/usr/local/python2/lib" > /etc/ld.so.conf.d/python27-x86_64.conf
      ldconfig
  
      # yum工具默认依赖python2.6,需要修改
      sed -i '1s/python$/python2.6/' /usr/bin/yum
  
      # 备份/usr/bin/python,连接到新安装的python版本上
      mv /usr/bin/python{,_bk}
      ln -s /usr/local/bin/python /usr/bin/python
  
  	# 安装pip setuptools wheel工具包
  	wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/pip/2.7/get-pip.py -O - | /usr/local/python2/bin/python2.7
  }
  
  upgrade_python
  

• python -c "import sysconfig; print(sysconfig.get_config_vars(\"CONFIG_ARGS\"))"可以查看python的配置参数

Sat Mar 6 17:48:27 CST 2021 CentOS7 Python3.8.8

yum install gcc gcc-c++ make pkgconfig
yum install libffi-devel zlib-devel xz-devel bzip2-devel readline-devel sqlite-devel ncurses-devel gdbm-devel openssl-devel expat-devel libtirpc-devel libuuid-devel
CXX=/usr/bin/g++ ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/python388 --with-ssl-default-suites=openssl
make -j 4
make altinstall
ls /usr/local/python388/bin/
# 2to3-3.8  easy_install-3.8  idle3.8  pip3.8  pydoc3.8  python3.8  python3.8-config

工具包安装及使用

打包工具setuptools

• 功能:Easily download, build, install, upgrade, and uninstall Python packages
• 具体安装方法请自行参考：https://pypi.python.org/pypi/setuptools#downloads
• 官网倡导的安装方法：wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py -O - | python

此包给用户使用的easy_install工具，安装需要的包简单易用，开发者发布包的所需指导。

• The EasyInstall user’s guide and reference manual
• The setuptools Developer’s Guide
• The pkg_resources API reference
• The Internal Structure of Python Eggs

包安装工具pip

• 功能：The PyPA recommended tool for installing Python packages
• wget --no-check-certificate https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py -O - | python
• pip主页地址：https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pip#downloads
• 源码安装

  wget  https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/pip/pip-7.1.2.tar.gz#md5=3823d2343d9f3aaab21cf9c917710196tar
  zxvf pip-7.1.2.tar.gz
  cd pip-7.1.2
  python setup.py install
  

安装后的工具path:PythonXX/Scripts,在window下有必要将此路径加入环境变量path中

使用pip:

• pip --help 查看pip的帮助文档
• pip list 查看已安装的packages
• pip install xlrd 安装xlrd,用于处理Excel的packages
  其他应用请参照pip帮助

Python自动文档工具pydoc

首先认识一条比较重要的命令
python -m mod 作为脚本运行mod库,if name == 'main’是作为脚本运行的部分.

• python -m SimpleHTTPServer 6666 #简单一个命令搭建目录服务器
• 查看math库手册 python -m pydoc math
• 查看函数手册 python -m pydoc math.asin
• 开启本地手册服务器,可以再网页上查看所有的库函数手册,感觉十分强大 python -m pydoc -p port

python2脚本转化为python3脚本的工具2to3

python是中十分强大的语言,但它的高速发展,也给广大开发这带来许多困惑,python3并不兼容python2
Python3x/Tools/Scripts/2to3.py

#test.py
def greet(name):
    print "Hello, {0}!".format(name)
print "What's your name?"
name = raw_input()
greet(name)

C:/Python34/Tools/Scripts/2to3.py -w test.py

#test.py
def greet(name):
    print("Hello, {0}!".format(name))
print("What's your name?")
name = input()
greet(name)

这里可以看到2to3后的变化
pirnt函数函数调用的方式使用,raw_input替换成了input

详细转换请参照python3的手册以及http://woodpecker.org.cn/diveintopython3/porting-code-to-python-3-with-2to3.html

参考

• http://www.aiplaypc.com/31.html
• Python Developer’s Guide¶
• [https://devguide.python.org/setup/#build-dependencies](Install dependencies)
• Common build problems