观察者模式:定义对象间的一种一对多的依赖关系,当一个对象的状态发生改变时,所有依赖于它的对象都得到通知并被自动更新。它还有两个别名,依赖(Dependents),发布-订阅(Publish-Subsrcibe)。可以举个博客订阅的例子,当博主发表新文章的时候,即博主状态发生了改变,那些订阅的读者就会收到通知,然后进行相应的动作,比如去看文章,或者收藏起来。博主与读者之间存在种一对多的依赖关系。下面给出相应的UML图设计。
可以看到博客类中有一个观察者链表(即订阅者),当博客的状态发生变化时,通过Notify成员函数通知所有的观察者,告诉他们博客的状态更新了。而观察者通过Update成员函数获取博客的状态信息。代码实现不难,下面给出C++的一种实现。
- //观察者
- class Observer
- {
- public:
- Observer() {}
- virtual ~Observer() {}
- virtual void Update() {}
- };
- //博客
- class Blog
- {
- public:
- Blog() {}
- virtual ~Blog() {}
- void Attach(Observer *observer) { m_observers.push_back(observer); } //添加观察者
- void Remove(Observer *observer) { m_observers.remove(observer); } //移除观察者
- void Notify() //通知观察者
- {
- list<Observer*>::iterator iter = m_observers.begin();
- for(; iter != m_observers.end(); iter++)
- (*iter)->Update();
- }
- virtual void SetStatus(string s) { m_status = s; } //设置状态
- virtual string GetStatus() { return m_status; } //获得状态
- private:
- list<Observer* > m_observers; //观察者链表
- protected:
- string m_status; //状态
- };
//观察者
class Observer
{
public:
Observer() {}
virtual ~Observer() {}
virtual void Update() {}
};
//博客
class Blog
{
public:
Blog() {}
virtual ~Blog() {}
void Attach(Observer *observer) { m_observers.push_back(observer); } //添加观察者
void Remove(Observer *observer) { m_observers.remove(observer); } //移除观察者
void Notify() //通知观察者
{
list<Observer*>::iterator iter = m_observers.begin();
for(; iter != m_observers.end(); iter++)
(*iter)->Update();
}
virtual void SetStatus(string s) { m_status = s; } //设置状态
virtual string GetStatus() { return m_status; } //获得状态
private:
list<Observer* > m_observers; //观察者链表
protected:
string m_status; //状态
};
以上是观察者和博客的基类,定义了通用接口。博客类主要完成观察者的添加、移除、通知操作,设置和获得状态仅仅是一个默认实现。下面给出它们相应的子类实现。
- //具体博客类
- class BlogCSDN : public Blog
- {
- private:
- string m_name; //博主名称
- public:
- BlogCSDN(string name): m_name(name) {}
- ~BlogCSDN() {}
- void SetStatus(string s) { m_status = "CSDN通知 : " + m_name + s; } //具体设置状态信息
- string GetStatus() { return m_status; }
- };
- //具体观察者
- class ObserverBlog : public Observer
- {
- private:
- string m_name; //观察者名称
- Blog *m_blog; //观察的博客,当然以链表形式更好,就可以观察多个博客
- public:
- ObserverBlog(string name,Blog *blog): m_name(name), m_blog(blog) {}
- ~ObserverBlog() {}
- void Update() //获得更新状态
- {
- string status = m_blog->GetStatus();
- cout<<m_name<<"-------"<<status<<endl;
- }
- };
//具体博客类
class BlogCSDN : public Blog
{
private:
string m_name; //博主名称
public:
BlogCSDN(string name): m_name(name) {}
~BlogCSDN() {}
void SetStatus(string s) { m_status = "CSDN通知 : " + m_name + s; } //具体设置状态信息
string GetStatus() { return m_status; }
};
//具体观察者
class ObserverBlog : public Observer
{
private:
string m_name; //观察者名称
Blog *m_blog; //观察的博客,当然以链表形式更好,就可以观察多个博客
public:
ObserverBlog(string name,Blog *blog): m_name(name), m_blog(blog) {}
~ObserverBlog() {}
void Update() //获得更新状态
{
string status = m_blog->GetStatus();
cout<<m_name<<"-------"<<status<<endl;
}
};
客户的使用方式:
- //测试案例
- int main()
- {
- Blog *blog = new BlogCSDN("wuzhekai1985");
- Observer *observer1 = new ObserverBlog("tutupig", blog);
- blog->Attach(observer1);
- blog->SetStatus("发表设计模式C++实现(15)——观察者模式");
- blog->Notify();
- delete blog; delete observer1;
- return 0;
- }
Cocos2d源码:例子
- cc.s_sharedNotificationCenter = null;
cc.NotificationCenter = cc.Class.extend({
ctor:function() {
this._observers = [];
},
/**
* @param {cc.Class} target
* @param {String} selector
* @param {String} name
* @param {cc.Class} obj
*/
addObserver:function(target, selector, name, obj) {
if (this._observerExisted(target, name))
return;
var observer = new cc.NotificationObserver(target, selector, name, obj);
if (!observer)
return;
this._observers.push(observer);
},
/**
* @param {cc.Class} target
* @param {String} name
*/
removeObserver:function(target, name) {
for (var i = 0; i < this._observers.length; i++) {
var observer = this._observers[i];
if (!observer)
continue;
if (observer.getName() == name && observer.getTarget() == target) {
this._observers.splice(i, 1);
return;
}
}
},
/**
* @param {String} name
* @param {cc.Class} object
*/
postNotification:function(name, object) {
for (var i = 0; i < this._observers.length; i++) {
var observer = this._observers[i];
if (!observer)
continue;
if (observer.getName() == name)
observer.performSelector(object);
}
},
/**
* @param {cc.Class} target
* @param {String} name
* @return {Boolean}
* @private
*/
_observerExisted:function(target, name) {
var obj = null;
for (var i = 0; i < this._observers.length; i++)
{
var observer = this._observers[i];
if (!observer)
continue;
if (observer.getName() == name && observer.getTarget() == target)
return true;
}
return false;
},
_observers:null
});
/**
* @return {cc.NotificationCenter}
*/
cc.NotificationCenter.getInstance = function() {
if (!cc.s_sharedNotificationCenter) {
cc.s_sharedNotificationCenter = new cc.NotificationCenter();
}
return cc.s_sharedNotificationCenter;
};
cc.NotificationObserver = cc.Class.extend({
/**
* @param {cc.Class} target
* @param {String} selector
* @param {String} name
* @param {cc.Class} obj
*/
ctor:function (target, selector, name, obj) {
this._target = target;
this._selector = selector;
this._name = name;
this._object = obj;
},
/**
* @param {cc.Class} obj
*/
performSelector:function (obj) {
if (this._target && (typeof(this._selector) == "string")) {
this._target[this._selector](obj);
} else if (this._target && (typeof(this._selector) == "function")) {
this._selector.call(this._target, obj);
} else {
this._selector(obj);
}
},
_target:null,
_selector:null,
_name:null,
_object:null,
/**
* @return {cc.Class}
*/
getTarget:function () {
return this._target;
},
/**
* @return {String}
*/
getSelector:function () {
return this._selector;
},
/**
* @return {String}
*/
getName:function () {
return this._name;
},
/**
* @return {cc.Class}
*/
getObject:function () {
return this._object;
}
});