exercise 37 符号复习-待续

Keywords

Keyword	Description	Example
and	Logical and.	True and False == False
as	Part of the with-as statement.	with X as Y: pass
assert	Assert (ensure) that something is true.	assert False, "Error!"
break	Stop this loop right now.	while True: break
class	Define a class.	class Person(object)
continue	Don't process more of the loop, do it again.	while True: continue
def	Define a function.	def X(): pass
del	Delete from dictionary.	del X[Y]
elif	Else if condition.	if: X; elif: Y; else: J
else	Else condition.	if: X; elif: Y; else: J
except	If an exception happens, do this.	except ValueError, e: print e
exec	Run a string as Python.	exec 'print "hello"'
finally	Exceptions or not, finally do this no matter what.	finally: pass
for	Loop over a collection of things.	for X in Y: pass
from	Importing specific parts of a module.	from x import Y
global	Declare that you want a global variable.	global X
if	If condition.	if: X; elif: Y; else: J
import	Import a module into this one to use.	import os
in	Part of for-loops. Also a test of X in Y.	for X in Y: pass also1 in [1] == True
is	Like == to test equality.	1 is 1 == True
lambda	Create a short anonymous function.	s = lambda y: y ** y; s(3)
not	Logical not.	not True == False
or	Logical or.	True or False == True
pass	This block is empty.	def empty(): pass
print	Print this string.	print 'this string'
raise	Raise an exception when things go wrong.	raise ValueError("No")
return	Exit the function with a return value.	def X(): return Y
try	Try this block, and if exception, go to except.	try: pass
while	While loop.	while X: pass
with	With an expression as a variable do.	with X as Y: pass
yield	Pause here and return to caller.	def X(): yield Y;X().next()

Data Types

For data types, write out what makes up each one. For example, with strings write out how you create a string. For numbers write out a few numbers.

Type	Description	Example
True	True boolean value.	True or False == True
False	False boolean value.	False and True == False
None	Represents "nothing" or "no value".	x = None
strings	Stores textual information.	x = "hello"
numbers	Stores integers.	i = 100
floats	Stores decimals.	i = 10.389
lists	Stores a list of things.	j = [1,2,3,4]
dicts	Stores a key=value mapping of things.	e = {'x': 1, 'y': 2}

String Escape Sequences

For string escape sequences, use them in strings to make sure they do what you think they do.

Escape	Description
\\	Backslash
\'	Single-quote
\"	Double-quote
\a	Bell
\b	Backspace
\f	Formfeed
\n	Newline
\r	Carriage
\t	Tab
\v	Vertical tab

String Formats

Same thing for string formats: use them in some strings to know what they do.

Escape	Description	Example
%d	Decimal integers (not floating point).	"%d" % 45 == '45'
%i	Same as %d.	"%i" % 45 == '45'
%o	Octal number.	"%o" % 1000 == '1750'
%u	Unsigned decimal.	"%u" % -1000 =='-1000'
%x	Hexadecimal lowercase.	"%x" % 1000 == '3e8'
%X	Hexadecimal uppercase.	"%X" % 1000 == '3E8'
%e	Exponential notation, lowercase 'e'.	"%e" % 1000 == '1.000000e+03'
%E	Exponential notation, uppercase 'E'.	"%E" % 1000 == '1.000000E+03'
%f	Floating point real number.	"%f" % 10.34 == '10.340000'
%F	Same as %f.	"%F" % 10.34 == '10.340000'
%g	Either %f or %e, whichever is shorter.	"%g" % 10.34 == '10.34'
%G	Same as %g but uppercase.	"%G" % 10.34 == '10.34'
%c	Character format.	"%c" % 34 == '"'
%r	Repr format (debugging format).	"%r" % int == "<type'int'>"
%s	String format.	"%s there" % 'hi' == 'hi there'
%%	A percent sign.	"%g%%" % 10.34 == '10.34%'

Operators

Some of these may be unfamiliar to you, but look them up anyway. Find out what they do, and if you still can't figure it out, save it for later.

Operator	Description	Example
+	Addition	2 + 4 == 6
-	Subtraction	2 - 4 == -2
*	Multiplication	2 * 4 == 8
**	Power of	2 ** 4 == 16
/	Division	2 / 4.0 == 0.5
//	Floor division	2 // 4.0 == 0.0
%	String interpolate or modulus	2 % 4 == 2
<	Less than	4 < 4 == False
>	Greater than	4 > 4 == False
<=	Less than equal	4 <= 4 == True
>=	Greater than equal	4 >= 4 == True
==	Equal	4 == 5 == False
!=	Not equal	4 != 5 == True
<>	Not equal	4 <> 5 == True
( )	Parenthesis	len('hi') == 2
[ ]	List brackets	[1,3,4]
{ }	Dict curly braces	{'x': 5, 'y': 10}
@	At (decorators)	@classmethod
,	Comma	range(0, 10)
:	Colon	def X():
.	Dot	self.x = 10
=	Assign equal	x = 10
;	semi-colon	print "hi"; print "there"
+=	Add and assign	x = 1; x += 2
-=	Subtract and assign	x = 1; x -= 2
*=	Multiply and assign	x = 1; x *= 2
/=	Divide and assign	x = 1; x /= 2
//=	Floor divide and assign	x = 1; x //= 2
%=	Modulus assign	x = 1; x %= 2
**=	Power assign	x = 1; x **= 2

新知识点：
1.Assert 用法：
mylist = ['item']
assert len(mylist) >= 1   ##此时列表里有一个元素‘item’ 使用assert语句时，语句正确 无报错

mylist.pop()              ##pop函数默认移除列表中最后一个元素 即将列表中唯一元素删除

assert len(mylist) >= 1   ##此时列表为空 长度小于1 语句错误 显示AssertionError

显示

Traceback (most recent call last):  File "C:/Users/xhu63/PycharmProjects/untitled/assert.py", line 7, in <module>    assert len(mylist) >= 1AssertionError

2.Except 用法：（跟try raise finally 一起处理异常 有点混乱！！！！！  下面网址有所有）

http://www.cnblogs.com/ybwang/archive/2015/08/18/4738621.html

这是应用实例：http://blog.csdn.net/u013088799/article/details/39100881

try:    <语句>except <name>：    <语句>          #如果在try部份引发了名为'name'的异常，则执行这段代码else:    <语句>          #如果没有异常发生，则执行这段代码

处理异常的三种方法：

1）捕获所有异常  

try :  

     a = b  

     b = c  

except Exception,e:  

     print Exception, ":" ,e

2）采用trackback模块查看异常

#引入python中的traceback模块，跟踪错误

import traceback  

try :  

     a = b  

     b = c  

except :  

     traceback.print_exc()

3）采用sys模块回溯异常

#引入sys模块

import sys  

try :  

     a = b  

     b = c  

except :  

     info = sys.exc_info()  

     print info[ 0 ], ":" ,info[ 1 ]

try: <...............>  #可能得到异常的语句except <.......>:       #锁定是哪种异常    <...............>   #出现异常的处理方法

3. exec 用法：

exec语句用来执行储存在字符串或者文件中的python语句。可以生成一个包含python代码的字符串，然后使用exec语句执行这些语句。

>>>exec 'print "hello word"'
hello world

4. yeild用法：

5.finally 用法：