Effective C++ 改善程序与设计的55个具体做法 读书笔记
1.让自己习惯C++
Accustoming Yourself to C++
条款01:视C++为一个语言联邦
View C++ as a federation of languages
1、主要分为4部分:C、Object-Oriented C++、Template C++、STL
条款02:尽量以const,enum,inline替换#define
Prefer consts,enums and inlines to #define
1、对于单纯常量,最好以const对象或enums替换#define。
2、对于形似函数的宏(macros),最好改用inline函数替换#defines。
条款03:尽可能使用const
Use const whenever possible
真实程序中const对象大多用于passed by pointer-to-const或
passed by reference-to-const的传递结果。
1、将某些东西声明为const可帮助编译器侦测出错误用法。
const可被施加于任何作用域内的对象、函数参数、函数返回类型、成员函数本体。
2、编译器强制实施bitwise constness,但你编写程序时应该使用“概念上的常量性”(conceptual constness)。
3、当const和non-const成员函数有着实质等价的实现时,令non-const版本调用const版本可避免代码重复。
条款04:确定对象被使用前已先被初始化
Make sure that objects are initialized before they're used
C++规定,对象的成员变量的初始化动作发生在进入构造函数本体之前。
1、为内置型对象进行手工初始化,因为C++不保证初始化它们。
2、构造函数最好使用成员初值列(member initialization list),
而不要在构造函数本体内使用赋值操作(assignment)。
初值列列出的成员变量,其排列次序应该和他们在class中的声明次序相同。
3、为免除“跨编译单元之初始化次序”问题,请以local static对象替换non-local static对象。
2.构造/析构/赋值运算
Constructors,Destructors and Assignment Operators
条款05:了解C++默默编写并调用哪些函数
Know what functions C++ silently writes and calls
条款06:若不想使用编译器自动生成的函数,就该明确拒绝
Explicitly disallow the use of compiler-generated functions you do not want
条款07:为多态基类声明virtual析构函数
Declare destructors virtual in polymorphic base classes
条款08:别让异常逃离析构函数
Prevent exceptions from leaving destructors
条款09:绝不在构造和析构过程中调用virtual函数
Never call virtual functions during construction or destruction
条款10:令operator=返回一个refernce to *this
Have assignment operators return a reference to *this
条款11:在operator=中处理“自我赋值”
Handle assignment to self in operator=
条款12:复制对象时勿妄其每一个成分
Copy all parts of an object
3.资源管理
Resource Management
条款13:以对象管理资源
Use objects to manage resources
条款14:在资源管理类中小心copying行为
Think carefully about copying behavior in resource-managing classes
条款15:在资源管理类中提供对原始资源的访问
Provide access to raw resources in resource-managing classes
条款16:成对使用new和delete时要采取相同形式
Use the same form in corresponding uses of new and delete
条款17:以独立语句将newed对象置入智能指针
Store newed objects in smart pointers in standalone statements
4.设计与声明
Designs and Declarations
条款18:让接口容易被正确使用,不易被误用
Make interfaces easy to use correctly and hard to use incorrectly
条款19:设计class犹如设计type
Treat class design as type design
条款20:宁以pass-by-reference-to-const替换pass-by-value
Prefer pass-by-reference-to-const to pass-by-value
条款21:必须返回对象时,别妄想返回其reference
Don't try to return a reference when you must return an object
条款22:将成员变量声明为private
Declare data members private
条款23:宁以non-member、non-friend替换member函数
Prefer non-member non-friend functions to member functions
条款24:若所有参数皆需类型转换,请为此采用non-member函数
Declare non-member functions when type conversions should apply to all parameters
条款25:考虑写出一个不抛异常的swap函数
Consider support for a non-throwing swap
5.实现
Implementations
条款26:尽可能延后变量定义式的出现时间
Postpone variable definitions as long as possible
条款27:尽量少做转型动作
Minimize casting
条款28:避免返回handles指向对象内部成分
Avoid returning "handles" to object internals
条款29:为“异常安全”而努力是值得的
Strive for exception-safe code
条款30:透切了解inlining的里里外外
Understand the ins and outs of inlining
条款31:将文件间的编译依存关系降至最低
Minimize compilation dependencies between files
6.继承与面向对象设计
Inheritance and Object-Oriented Design
条款32:确定你的public继承塑模出is-a关系
Make sure public inheritance models "is-a"
条款33:避免遮掩继承而来的名称
Avoid hiding inherited names
条款34:区分接口继承和实现继承
Differentiate between inheritance of interface and inheritance of implementation
条款35:考虑virtual函数以外的其他选择
Consider alternatives to virtual functions
条款36:绝不重新定义继承而来的non-virtual函数
Never redefine an inherited non-virtual function
条款37:绝不重新定义继承而来的缺省参数值
Never redefine a function's inherited default parameter value
条款38:通过复合塑模出has-a或“根据某物实现出”
Model "has-a" or "is-implemented-in-terms-of" through composition
条款39:明智而审慎地使用private继承
Use private inheritance judiciously
条款40:明智而审慎地使用多重继承
Use multiple inheritance judiciously
7.模板与泛型编程
Templates and Generic Programming
条款41:了解隐式接口和编译期多态
Understand implicit interfaces and compile-time polymorphism
条款42:了解typename的双重意义
Understand the two meaning of typename
条款43:学习处理模板化基类内的名称
Know how to access names in templatized base classes
条款44:将与参数无关的代码抽离templates
Factor parameter-independent code out of templates
条款45:运用成员函数模板接受所有兼容类型
Use member function templates to accept "all compatible types"
条款46:需要类型转换时请为模板定义非成员函数
Define non-member functions inside templates when type conversions are desired
条款47:请使用traits classes表现类型信息
Use traits classes for information about types
条款48:认识template元编程
Be aware of template metaprogramming
8.定制new和delete
Customizing new and delete
条款49:了解new-handler的行为
Understand the behavior of the new-handler
条款50:了解new和delete的合理替换时机
Understand when it makes sense to replace new and delete
条款51:编写new和delete时需固守常规
Adhere to convention when writing new and delete
条款52:写了placement new也要写placement delete
Write placement delete if you write placement new
9.杂项讨论
Miscellany
条款53:不要轻忽编译器的警告
Pay attention to compiler warnings
条款54:让自己熟悉包括TR1在内的标准程序库
Familiarize yourself with the standard library, including TR1
条款55:让自己熟悉Boost
Familiarize yourself with Boost