SQL特别用法

最新推荐文章于 2024-09-14 21:52:32 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-09-14 21:52:32 发布

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分类专栏： SQLSERVER 文章标签： sql insert table null xml c

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--1.EXCEPT
注意点:2个NULL值对于EXCEPT是相等的,不同于一般的筛选器.

SQL code
--环境
create table test_1 (a int ,b int)
create table test_2 (c int, d int)
insert test_1 select 1,2 union all select 1,null union all select 3,4
insert test_2 select 1,2 union all select 1,null
-- except
select * from test_1
except
select * from test_2
/*
a           b
----------- -----------
3           4
*/
-- not exists
select * from test_1
where not exists(select * from test_2 where a=c and b=d)
/*
a           b
----------- -----------
1           NULL               --这条记录对于test_1来说是唯一的
3           4
*/

ps:因为现有版本不支持 except all 所以EXCEPT使用时候会有一个排序的阶段,效率一般不太好

--2.OVER()子句
注意点:OVER()子句在多聚合情况下比在select 下的子查询效率 or GROUP BY 高很多

SQL code
--环境
create table test_3
(
id int,
value int
)
insert test_3 values(1,12)
insert test_3 values(1,1)
insert test_3 values(1,3)
insert test_3 values(1,2)
insert test_3 values(1,6)
insert test_3 values(2,1)
insert test_3 values(2,2)
insert test_3 values(2,4)
insert test_3 values(2,3)
go
--OVER
SELECT ID,
[SUM]=SUM(VALUE) OVER(),
[AVG]=AVG(VALUE) OVER(),
[COUNT]=COUNT(VALUE) OVER(),
[MAX]=MAX(VALUE) OVER()
FROM test_3
--子查询
select id,
[SUM]=(select SUM(VALUE) from test_3 where l.id=id),
[AVG]=(select AVG(VALUE) O from test_3 where l.id=id),
[COUNT]=(select COUNT(VALUE) from test_3 where l.id=id),
[MAX]=(select MAX(VALUE) from test_3 where l.id=id)
FROM test_3 l
--group by
SELECT ID,
[SUM]=SUM(VALUE),
[AVG]=AVG(VALUE) ,
[COUNT]=COUNT(VALUE) ,
[MAX]=MAX(VALUE)
FROM test_3
group by id

CTRL+L 可以发现 over的开销明显小于后者..其中子查询效率极差

--3.利用字符串解决带附加属性的问题
注意点:当需要附加属性来解决问题时候,一般会想到子查询,但是因为子查询需要良好的索引设计,所以不太好用.可以使用字符串来解决这个问题

SQL code
--环境
create table test_4 (id int, a int, b int , c int)
insert test_4 select
1,2,3,4 union all select
1,3,5,4 union all select
1,3,7,4 union all select
1,3,7,8 union all select
2,2,3,4 union all select
2,5,3,8 union all select
2,5,3,8 union all select
2,7,3,8 union all select
2,1,9,9
go
--字符串
select
ID,
a=SUBSTRING(COL,1,5),
b=SUBSTRING(COL,6,5),
c=SUBSTRING(COL,11,5)
from (
select ID,
MAX(CAST(a as char(5))+CAST(b as char(5))+CAST(c as char(5))) as col
from test_4
group by ID
) l

--子查询
select *
from test_4 k
where not exists(select * from test_4
where id=k.id and (a>k.a or a=k.a and b>k.b or a=k.a and b=k.b and c>k.c))
/*
ID          a          b          c
----------- ---------- ---------- ----------
1           3          7          8
2           7          3          8
*/
这个字符串优点是无论是否有好的索引,因为它只扫描一次(这里数据量太小)

--4.利用聚合实现字符串拼接
注意:不用XML、函数、临时表、游标去实现字符串的拼接

SQL code
--环境
create table test_5(empid int, name varchar(10))
insert test_5 select
1,'a'union all select
1,'b' union all select
1,'c'union all select
1,'d'union all select
2,'a' union all select
2,'t'union all select
2,'v'
select
empid,
name=MAX(case when rn=1 then name else '' end)+MAX(case when rn=2 then ','+name else '' end)
+MAX(case when rn=3 then ','+name else '' end)+MAX(case when rn=4 then ','+name else '' end)
from(
select empid,name,
(select COUNT(*) from test_5 where k.empid=empid and k.name>=name) as rn
from test_5 k )z
group by empid

--xml
select empid,
name=stuff((select ','+name as [text()] from test_5 where k.empid=empid order by name for XML PATH('')),1,1,'')
from test_5 k
group by empid
/*
empid       name
----------- -------------------------------------------
1           a,b,c,d
2           a,t,v
*/

ps:该方法前提是name不能在同一组里出现重复,且每组内最大记录数不是很大。通过执行发现该方法效率优于XML
适合用于SQL2000中想实现字符串拼接但是又不想函数的情况下.

5.TOP + ORDER BY 求中值
注意点:可以利用TOP + ORDER BY 巧妙解决取中值的问题,而且在SQL2000也可以方便使用

SQL code
--环境
create table test_6(rq varchar(8), ddsj int)
insert into test_6
select
'200805',30 union all select
'200805',40 union all select
'200805',50 union all select
'200805',20 union all select
'200806',250 union all select
'200806',200 union all select
'200806',310 union all select
'200806',100 union all select
'200806',130
go
--TOP + ORDER BY 求中值(NTILE同样的效果)
select rq,
(
    (
        select MAX(ddsj) as ddsj
        from (select top 50 percent ddsj from test_6 where rq=k.rq order by ddsj ) k
    )+
    (
        select MIN(ddsj) as ddsj
        from (select top 50 percent ddsj from test_6 where rq=k.rq order by ddsj desc) k
    )
)/2 as ddsj
from test_6 k
group by rq
--利用位置的收尾呼应~
;with cte as
(
select *,ROW_NUMBER() over(partition by rq order by ddsj ) as rn1,
         ROW_NUMBER() over(partition by rq order by ddsj desc ) as rn2
from test_6
)
select rq,ddsj=AVG(ddsj)
from
    cte
where abs(rn1-rn2)<=1
group by rq

/*
rq       ddsj
-------- -----------
200805   35
200806   200

在适用缺点是没有合适的索引将会很慢

--6 OR 转变成AND
注意点:大家都知道OR在where条件出现时候,一般来说意味着索引的失效,只要筛选列上有一个没有索引的话.相比较而言,AND是有个索引就有个效果.所以我们有必要在能将OR转成AND的时候就转化.

SQL code
--环境
create table test_7
(
    id int,
    col1 int,
    col2 int
)
create index in_col1 on test_7(col1)
insert test_7 values(1,1,3)
insert test_7 values(1,1,2)
insert test_7 values(1,2,3)
go 100000
insert test_7 values(1,3,3)
insert test_7 values(1,3,1)
insert test_7 values(2,2,3)
insert test_7 values(2,2,5)
insert test_7 values(2,4,9)
go
--or
select *
from test_7
where col1<1 or (col1=1 and col2<3)
--and
select *
from test_7
where col1<=1 and (col1<1 or col2<3)

通过执行计划可以看到带AND的开销比OR少了倍,它用到了COL1上的索引

--7 利用计算表达式改变IDENTITY
注意:使用select into 表的时候如果有自增列会把自增的属性也复制过去,可以通过计算表达式去去除这个自增属性

SQL code
--环境
create table test_8(id int identity(1,1),a int)
insert test_8 select 1
insert test_8 select 2
insert test_8 select 3
insert test_8 select 7
insert test_8 select 9
go
select ID+0 as id ,A into #1 from test_8
insert #1(a) select 8
select * from #1
/*
id          A
----------- -----------
NULL        8                 ---没有自增
1           1
2           2
3           3
4           7
5           9

*/
--8.set 中的连等
注意:在更新时也可以使用连续等于 @i=col=@i+1 <===> @i加后赋值给COL字段

SQL code
--环境
CREATE TABLE test_9
(
id INT NOT NULL,
col VARCHAR(5) NOT NULL
);

INSERT INTO test_9 VALUES(0, 'A');
INSERT INTO test_9 VALUES(0, 'B');
INSERT INTO test_9 VALUES(0, 'C');
INSERT INTO test_9 VALUES(0, 'C');
INSERT INTO test_9 VALUES(0, 'C');
INSERT INTO test_9 VALUES(0, 'B');
INSERT INTO test_9 VALUES(0, 'A');
go
DECLARE @i AS INT;
SET @i = 0;
UPDATE test_9 SET @i = id = @i + 1;
go
select * from test_9
/*
id          col
----------- -----
1           A
2           B
3           C
4           C
5           C
6           B
7           A
*/