Android Material Design 笔记 -- Units & measurements

Pixel density（像素密度PPI） 

一英寸中像素的个数称为“像素密度”。

As a result, UI elements (such as a button) appear physically larger on low-density screens and smaller on high-density screens. （高密度屏幕中的控件要比低密度屏幕中的控件小。）

screen density = screen width (or height) in pixels / screen width (or height) in inches

附一： Pixel density 计算器： http://kingscalculator.com/en/other-calculators/pixel-density-calculator

附二：常用屏幕的PPI

Mobile phones

Device name	Pixel density (PPI)	Display resolution	Display size (inches)	Year introduced	Link
Motorola Razr V3	128	176 x 220	2.2	2004
iPhone (first gen.)	128	320 x 480	3.5	2007
iPhone 4	326	960 x 640	3.5	2010
Samsung Galaxy S4	441	1080 x 1920	5	2013
HTC One	486	1080 x 1920	4.7	2013
LG G3	534	1140 x 2560	5.5	2014

Tablets

Device name	Pixel density (PPI)	Display resolution	Display size (inches)	Year introduced	Link
iPad (first gen.)	132	1024 x 768	9.7	2010
iPad Air (also 3rd & 4th gen.)	264	2048 x 1536	9.7	2012
Samsung Galaxy Tab S	288	2560 x 1600	10.5	2014
iPad mini 2	326	2048 x 1536	7.9	2013
Samsung Galaxy Tab S 8.4	359	1600 x 2560	8.4	2014

Computer displays

Device name	Pixel density (PPI)	Display resolution	Display size (inches)	Year introduced	Link
Commodore 1936 ARL	91	1024 x 768	14	1990
Dell E773C	96	1280 x 1024	17	1999
Dell U2412M	94	1920 x 1200	24	2011
Asus VE228DE	100	1920 x 1080	27	2011
Apple Thunderbolt Display	108	2560 x 1440	27	2011
Dell UP2414Q UltraSharp 4K	183	3840 x 2160	24	2014

https://material.io/devices/

Density-independent pixels (dp)

"Density independence" refers to the uniform display of UI elements on screens with different densities.

dp -- 密度无关像素， 能适应不同的屏幕大小，Android界面设计中尽量使用dp作为单位。

dp = (width in pixels * 160) / screen density

例子：32 x 32 px icon with a screen density of 320 equals 16 x 16 dp

Scaleable pixels (sp) （用于字体大小设定）

When developing for Android, scaleable pixels (sp) serve the same function as dp, but for fonts. The default value of an sp is the same as the default value for dp.

Image scaling

Images can be scaled to look the same across different screen resolutions by using these ratios:

Screen resolution	dpi	Pixel ratio	Image size (pixels)
xxxhdpi	640	4.0	400 x 400
xxhdpi	480	3.0	300 x 300
xhdpi	320	2.0	200 x 200
hdpi	240	1.5	150 x 150
mdpi	160	1.0	100 x 100

图片以 mdpi为基准， 乘以系数 1:1.5:2:3:4

https://developer.android.com/guide/practices/screens_support.html#range