出处：http://wing011203.cnblogs.com/
http://www.cnblogs.com/wing011203/archive/2013/05/13/3075467.html
这篇文章里，我们主要讨论ORM框架，以及在使用上和JDBC的区别。
概述
ORM框架不是一个新话题，它已经流传了很多年。它的优点在于提供了概念性的、易于理解的数据模型，将数据库中的表和内存中的对象建立了很好的映射关系。
我们在这里主要关注Java中常用的两个ORM框架：Hibernate和iBatis。下面来介绍这两个框架简单的使用方法，如果将来有时间，我会深入的写一些更有意思的相关文章。
Hibernate
Hibernate是一个持久化框架和ORM框架，持久化和ORM是两个有区别的概念，持久化注重对象的存储方法是否随着程序的退出而消亡，ORM关注的是如何在数据库表和内存对象之间建立关联。
Hibernate使用POJO来表示Model，使用XML配置文件来配置对象和表之间的关系，它提供了一系列API来通过对对象的操作而改变数据库中的过程。
Hibernate更强调如何对单条记录进行操作，对于更复杂的操作，它提供了一种新的面向对象的查询语言：HQL。
我们先来定义一个关于Hibernate中Session管理的类，这里的Session类似于JDBC中的Connection。
1 public class HibernateSessionManager { 2 3 private static SessionFactory sessionFactory; 4 5 static 6 { 7 try 8 { 9 sessionFactory = new Configuration().configure("sample/orm/hibernate/hibernate.cfg.xml").buildSessionFactory(); 10 } 11 catch(Exception ex) 12 { 13 ex.printStackTrace(); 14 } 15 } 16 17 public static final ThreadLocal tl = new ThreadLocal(); 18 19 public static Session currentSession() 20 { 21 Session s = (Session)tl.get(); 22 if (s == null) 23 { 24 s = sessionFactory.openSession(); 25 tl.set(s); 26 } 27 28 return s; 29 } 30 31 public static void closeSession() 32 { 33 Session s = (Session)tl.get(); 34 tl.set(null); 35 if (s != null) 36 { 37 s.close(); 38 } 39 } 40 }
基于单张表进行操作
下面我们来看一个简单的示例，它沿用了Java回顾之JDBC中的数据库，使用MySQL的test数据库中的user表。
首先，我们来定义VO对象：
定义User对象
然后，我们定义User对象和数据库中user表之间的关联，user表中只有两列：id和name。
1 <?xml version="1.0"?> 2 <!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN" 3 "http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd"> 4 5 <hibernate-mapping> 6 <class name="sample.orm.hibernate.User" table="user" catalog="test"> 7 <id name="userID" type="java.lang.Integer"> 8 <column name="id" /> 9 <generator class="assigned" /> 10 </id> 11 <property name="userName" type="java.lang.String"> 12 <column name="name" /> 13 </property> 14 </class> 15 </hibernate-mapping>
将上述内容存储为User.hbm.xml。
接下来，我们需要定义一个关于Hibernate的全局配置文件，这里文件名是hibernate.cfg.xml。
1 <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?> 2 <!DOCTYPE hibernate-configuration PUBLIC 3 "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Configuration DTD 3.0//EN" 4 "http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-configuration-3.0.dtd"> 5 6 <hibernate-configuration> 7 <session-factory> 8 <property name="connection.driver_class">com.mysql.jdbc.Driver</property> 9 <property name="connection.url">jdbc:mysql://localhost/test</property> 10 <property name="connection.username">root</property> 11 <property name="connection.password">123</property> 12 <property name="dialect">org.hibernate.dialect.MySQLDialect</property> 13 <property name="show_sql">true</property> 14 <property name="jdbc.fetch_size">50</property> 15 <property name="jdbc.batch_size">25</property> 16 17 <mapping resource="sample/orm/hibernate/User.hbm.xml" /> 18 </session-factory> 19 </hibernate-configuration>
可以看到，上述配置文件中包含了数据库连接的信息，诸如driver信息、数据库url、用户名、密码等等，还包括了我们上面定义的User.hbm.xml。
最后，我们编写测试代码，来对user表进行增、删、查、改的操作：
使用Hibernate对user表进行操作
我们按照如下顺序调用测试代码：
1 insertUser(); 2 updateUser(6); 3 deleteUser(6);
可以看到如下结果：
=====Insert test===== Hibernate: insert into test.user (name, id) values (?, ?) =====Query test===== Hibernate: select user0_.id as id0_, user0_.name as name0_0_ from test.user user0_ where user0_.id=? ID:6; Name:Zhang Fei =====Update test===== Hibernate: select user0_.id as id0_, user0_.name as name0_0_ from test.user user0_ where user0_.id=? =====Before Update===== ID:6; Name:Zhang Fei Hibernate: update test.user set name=? where id=? =====After Update===== ID:6; Name:Devil =====Delete test===== Hibernate: select user0_.id as id0_, user0_.name as name0_0_ from test.user user0_ where user0_.id=? =====Before Delte===== ID:6; Name:Devil Hibernate: delete from test.user where id=? Hibernate: select user0_.id as id0_, user0_.name as name0_0_ from test.user user0_ where user0_.id=? =====After Delete===== Delete successfully.
请注意，上面的结果中，输出了每次数据库操作时的SQL语句，这是因为在配置文件中有如下配置：
<property name="show_sql">true</property>
我们可以在开发调试阶段将其打开，在部署到客户方时，将其关闭。
基于多表关联的操作
Hibernate在建立多表关联时，根据主外键的设置，表之间的关联可以分为三种：一对一、一对多和多对多。这些关联会体现在表的配置文件以及VO中。
下面我们来看一个经典的多表关联示例：排课表。数据库中建立如下四张表：Grade/Class/ClassRoom/Schedule。刚发现，使用MySQL自带的管理器导出表定义基本是一件不可能的任务。。。。
上述各表除ID以及必要外键外，只有Name一列。
然后看各个VO的定义：
定义Grade对象
定义Class对象
定义ClassRoom对象
定义Schedule对象
接着是各个表的关联配置文件：
1）Grade.hbm.xml
1 <?xml version="1.0"?> 2 <!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN" 3 "http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd"> 4 5 <hibernate-mapping> 6 <class name="sample.orm.hibernate.Grade" table="grade" catalog="test"> 7 <id name="gradeID" type="java.lang.Integer"> 8 <column name="gradeid" /> 9 <generator class="assigned" /> 10 </id> 11 <property name="gradeName" type="java.lang.String"> 12 <column name="gradename" /> 13 </property> 14 15 <set name="classes" lazy="true" inverse="true" cascade="all-delete-orphan"> 16 <key> 17 <column name="gradeid"/> 18 </key> 19 <one-to-many class="sample.orm.hibernate.Class"/> 20 </set> 21 </class> 22 </hibernate-mapping>
注意上面的<set>配置，里面的<one-to-many>节点说明了Grade和Class之间一对多的关系。
2）Class.hbm.xml
1 <?xml version="1.0"?> 2 <!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN" 3 "http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd"> 4 5 <hibernate-mapping> 6 <class name="sample.orm.hibernate.Class" table="class" catalog="test"> 7 <id name="classID" type="java.lang.Integer"> 8 <column name="classid" /> 9 <generator class="assigned" /> 10 </id> 11 <property name="className" type="java.lang.String"> 12 <column name="classname" /> 13 </property> 14 15 <many-to-one name="grade" class="sample.orm.hibernate.Grade" lazy="proxy" not-null="true"> 16 <column name="gradeid"/> 17 </many-to-one> 18 19 <set name="classrooms" lazy="true" inverse="true" cascade="all-delete-orphan" table="schedule"> 20 <key column ="classid"/> 21 <many-to-many class="sample.orm.hibernate.ClassRoom" column="classroomid"/> 22 </set> 23 </class> 24 </hibernate-mapping>
注意它定义两个关联：一个是和Grade之间多对一的关系，一个适合ClassRoom之间多对多的关系。
3）ClassRoom.hbm.xml
1 <?xml version="1.0"?> 2 <!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN" 3 "http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd"> 4 5 <hibernate-mapping> 6 <class name="sample.orm.hibernate.ClassRoom" table="classroom" catalog="test"> 7 <id name="classRoomID" type="java.lang.Integer"> 8 <column name="classroomid" /> 9 <generator class="assigned" /> 10 </id> 11 <property name="classRoomName" type="java.lang.String"> 12 <column name="classroomname" /> 13 </property> 14 15 <set name="classes" lazy="true" inverse="true" cascade="all-delete-orphan" table="schedule"> 16 <key column="classroomid"/> 17 <many-to-many class="sample.orm.hibernate.Class" column="classid"/> 18 </set> 19 </class> 20 </hibernate-mapping>
它只定义了一个关联：和Class之间的多对多关联。
4）Schedule.hbm.xml
1 <?xml version="1.0"?> 2 <!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN" 3 "http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd"> 4 5 <hibernate-mapping> 6 <class name="sample.orm.hibernate.Schedule" table="schedule" catalog="test"> 7 <id name="scheduleID" type="java.lang.Integer"> 8 <column name="scheduleid" /> 9 <generator class="assigned" /> 10 </id> 11 <property name="classID" type="java.lang.Integer"> 12 <column name="classid" /> 13 </property> 14 <property name="classRoomID" type="java.lang.Integer"> 15 <column name="classroomid" /> 16 </property> 17 </class> 18 </hibernate-mapping>
这里就不需要再定义关联了。
我们需要在Hibernate全局配置文件中添加如下内容：
1 <mapping resource="sample/orm/hibernate/Grade.hbm.xml" /> 2 <mapping resource="sample/orm/hibernate/Class.hbm.xml" /> 3 <mapping resource="sample/orm/hibernate/ClassRoom.hbm.xml" /> 4 <mapping resource="sample/orm/hibernate/Schedule.hbm.xml" />
下面是各种测试方法，在有关联的情况下，Hibernate提供了下面几个特性：
- 延迟加载
- 级联添加
- 级联修改
- 级联删除
多表关联情况下的一些测试方法
按顺序调用上面的方法：
1 getClass(1); 2 getSchedule(1); 3 insertGrade(); 4 updateGrade1(4); 5 updateGrade2(4); 6 deleteGrade(10);
执行结果如下：
=====Get Class info=====
Hibernate: select grade0_.gradeid as gradeid0_, grade0_.gradename as gradename1_0_ from test.grade grade0_ where grade0_.gradeid=?
Hibernate: select classes0_.gradeid as gradeid1_, classes0_.classid as classid1_, classes0_.classid as classid0_, classes0_.classname as classname2_0_, classes0_.gradeid as gradeid2_0_ from test.class classes0_ where classes0_.gradeid=?
年级：一年级包括以下班级：
一年级二班
一年级一班
Hibernate: select grade0_.gradeid as gradeid0_, grade0_.gradename as gradename1_0_ from test.grade grade0_ where grade0_.gradeid=?
ID:1; Name:一年级
Hibernate: select classes0_.gradeid as gradeid1_, classes0_.classid as classid1_, classes0_.classid as classid0_, classes0_.classname as classname2_0_, classes0_.gradeid as gradeid2_0_ from test.class classes0_ where classes0_.gradeid=?
一年级一班使用以下教室：
Hibernate: select classrooms0_.classid as classid1_, classrooms0_.classroomid as classroo2_1_, classroom1_.classroomid as classroo1_0_, classroom1_.classroomname as classroo2_4_0_ from schedule classrooms0_ inner join test.classroom classroom1_ on classrooms0_.classroomid=classroom1_.classroomid where classrooms0_.classid=?
教室二
教室五
教室一
一年级二班使用以下教室：
Hibernate: select classrooms0_.classid as classid1_, classrooms0_.classroomid as classroo2_1_, classroom1_.classroomid as classroo1_0_, classroom1_.classroomname as classroo2_4_0_ from schedule classrooms0_ inner join test.classroom classroom1_ on classrooms0_.classroomid=classroom1_.classroomid where classrooms0_.classid=?
教室四
教室二
教室六
Hibernate: select class_.classid, class_.classname as classname2_, class_.gradeid as gradeid2_ from test.class class_ where class_.classid=?
Hibernate: select class_.classid, class_.classname as classname2_, class_.gradeid as gradeid2_ from test.class class_ where class_.classid=?
Hibernate: insert into test.grade (gradename, gradeid) values (?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into test.class (classname, gradeid, classid) values (?, ?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into test.class (classname, gradeid, classid) values (?, ?, ?)
=====Get Class info=====
Hibernate: select grade0_.gradeid as gradeid0_, grade0_.gradename as gradename1_0_ from test.grade grade0_ where grade0_.gradeid=?
Hibernate: select classes0_.gradeid as gradeid1_, classes0_.classid as classid1_, classes0_.classid as classid0_, classes0_.classname as classname2_0_, classes0_.gradeid as gradeid2_0_ from test.class classes0_ where classes0_.gradeid=?
年级：四年级包括以下班级：
四年级二班
四年级一班
Hibernate: select grade0_.gradeid as gradeid0_, grade0_.gradename as gradename1_0_ from test.grade grade0_ where grade0_.gradeid=?
ID:4; Name:四年级
Hibernate: update test.grade set gradename=? where gradeid=?
=====Get Class info=====
Hibernate: select grade0_.gradeid as gradeid0_, grade0_.gradename as gradename1_0_ from test.grade grade0_ where grade0_.gradeid=?
Hibernate: select classes0_.gradeid as gradeid1_, classes0_.classid as classid1_, classes0_.classid as classid0_, classes0_.classname as classname2_0_, classes0_.gradeid as gradeid2_0_ from test.class classes0_ where classes0_.gradeid=?
年级：Grade 4包括以下班级：
Grade 4二班
Grade 4一班
Hibernate: select grade0_.gradeid as gradeid0_, grade0_.gradename as gradename1_0_ from test.grade grade0_ where grade0_.gradeid=?
ID:4; Name:Grade 4
Hibernate: select classes0_.gradeid as gradeid1_, classes0_.classid as classid1_, classes0_.classid as classid0_, classes0_.classname as classname2_0_, classes0_.gradeid as gradeid2_0_ from test.class classes0_ where classes0_.gradeid=?
Hibernate: select classrooms0_.classid as classid1_, classrooms0_.classroomid as classroo2_1_, classroom1_.classroomid as classroo1_0_, classroom1_.classroomname as classroo2_4_0_ from schedule classrooms0_ inner join test.classroom classroom1_ on classrooms0_.classroomid=classroom1_.classroomid where classrooms0_.classid=?
Hibernate: select classrooms0_.classid as classid1_, classrooms0_.classroomid as classroo2_1_, classroom1_.classroomid as classroo1_0_, classroom1_.classroomname as classroo2_4_0_ from schedule classrooms0_ inner join test.classroom classroom1_ on classrooms0_.classroomid=classroom1_.classroomid where classrooms0_.classid=?
Hibernate: delete from test.class where classid=?
Hibernate: delete from test.class where classid=?
Hibernate: delete from test.grade where gradeid=?
Hibernate: select class_.classid, class_.classname as classname2_, class_.gradeid as gradeid2_ from test.class class_ where class_.classid=?
Hibernate: select class_.classid, class_.classname as classname2_, class_.gradeid as gradeid2_ from test.class class_ where class_.classid=?
Hibernate: insert into test.grade (gradename, gradeid) values (?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into test.class (classname, gradeid, classid) values (?, ?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into test.class (classname, gradeid, classid) values (?, ?, ?)
Hibernate: select grade0_.gradeid as gradeid0_, grade0_.gradename as gradename1_0_ from test.grade grade0_ where grade0_.gradeid=?
删除成功
=====Get Class info=====
Hibernate: select grade0_.gradeid as gradeid0_, grade0_.gradename as gradename1_0_ from test.grade grade0_ where grade0_.gradeid=?
Hibernate: select classes0_.gradeid as gradeid1_, classes0_.classid as classid1_, classes0_.classid as classid0_, classes0_.classname as classname2_0_, classes0_.gradeid as gradeid2_0_ from test.class classes0_ where classes0_.gradeid=?
年级：Grade 4包括以下班级：
Grade 4一班
Grade 4二班
Hibernate: select grade0_.gradeid as gradeid0_, grade0_.gradename as gradename1_0_ from test.grade grade0_ where grade0_.gradeid=?
Hibernate: select classes0_.gradeid as gradeid1_, classes0_.classid as classid1_, classes0_.classid as classid0_, classes0_.classname as classname2_0_, classes0_.gradeid as gradeid2_0_ from test.class classes0_ where classes0_.gradeid=?
Hibernate: select classrooms0_.classid as classid1_, classrooms0_.classroomid as classroo2_1_, classroom1_.classroomid as classroo1_0_, classroom1_.classroomname as classroo2_4_0_ from schedule classrooms0_ inner join test.classroom classroom1_ on classrooms0_.classroomid=classroom1_.classroomid where classrooms0_.classid=?
Hibernate: select classrooms0_.classid as classid1_, classrooms0_.classroomid as classroo2_1_, classroom1_.classroomid as classroo1_0_, classroom1_.classroomname as classroo2_4_0_ from schedule classrooms0_ inner join test.classroom classroom1_ on classrooms0_.classroomid=classroom1_.classroomid where classrooms0_.classid=?
Hibernate: delete from test.class where classid=?
Hibernate: delete from test.class where classid=?
Hibernate: delete from test.grade where gradeid=?
Hibernate: select grade0_.gradeid as gradeid0_, grade0_.gradename as gradename1_0_ from test.grade grade0_ where grade0_.gradeid=?
删除成功
同样，执行结果中包含了各个SQL语句。
iBatis
iBatis是另外一种ORM框架，和Hibernate擅长操作单条记录不同，iBatis是基于SQL模板的，可以说，iBatis每次和数据库进行操作时，都有明确的SQL语句，而这些SQL语句，就是我们定义在配置文件中的。
我们还是以test数据库中的user表为例，简单说明iBatis的操作流程：
首先，我们还是需要定义VO对象，这里还是使用和Hibernate讲解时相同的User：
定义User对象
然后需要针对这个VO，定义一个独立的配置文件：User.xml
1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 2 <!DOCTYPE sqlMap 3 PUBLIC "-//iBATIS.com//DTD SQL Map 2.0//EN" 4 "http://www.ibatis.com/dtd/sql-map-2.dtd"> 5 6 <sqlMap namespace="User"> 7 8 <typeAlias alias="user" type="sample.orm.ibatis.User" /> 9 10 11 <cacheModel id="user-cache" type="OSCache" readOnly="true" serialize="true"> 12 <flushInterval milliseconds="1" /> 13 <flushOnExecute statement="insertUser" /> 14 <flushOnExecute statement="updateUser" /> 15 <flushOnExecute statement="getUser" /> 16 <flushOnExecute statement="getAllUser" /> 17 <property value="1" name="size" /> 18 </cacheModel> 19 20 <!-- 21 <resultMap > 22 <result property="userID" column="id" /> 23 <result property="userName" column="name" /> 24 </resultMap> 25 --> 26 27 28 <select id="getUser" parameterClass="java.lang.Integer" resultClass="user" cacheModel="user-cache" > 29 select id as userID,name as userName from user where id = #userID# 30 </select> 31 <select id="getAllUser" resultClass="user" cacheModel="user-cache"> 32 select id as userID,name as userName from user 33 </select> 34 <update id="updateUser" parameterClass="user"> 35 update user SET name=#userName# WHERE id = #userID# 36 </update> 37 <insert id="insertUser" parameterClass="user"> 38 insert into user ( id, name ) VALUES ( #userID#,#userName#) 39 </insert> 40 <delete id="deleteUser" parameterClass="java.lang.Integer"> 41 delete from user where id=#userID# 42 </delete> 43 44 </sqlMap>
这个配置文件主要包括三部分：
1）缓存的配置
2）对象属性和表字段之间的关联
3）针对表的各种CRUD操作
然后是关于iBatis的全局配置文件SqlMapConfig.xml：
1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 2 <!DOCTYPE sqlMapConfig 3 PUBLIC "-//iBATIS.com//DTD SQL Map Config 2.0//EN" 4 "http://www.ibatis.com/dtd/sql-map-config-2.dtd"> 5 6 <sqlMapConfig> 7 8 <settings cacheModelsEnabled="true" enhancementEnabled="true" 9 lazyLoadingEnabled="true" errorTracingEnabled="true" maxRequests="32" 10 maxSessions="10" maxTransactions="5" useStatementNamespaces="false" /> 11 12 <transactionManager type="JDBC"> 13 <dataSource type="SIMPLE"> 14 <property name="JDBC.Driver" value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver" /> 15 <property name="JDBC.ConnectionURL" value="jdbc:mysql://localhost/test" /> 16 <property name="JDBC.Username" value="root" /> 17 <property name="JDBC.Password" value="123" /> 18 <property name="Pool.MaximumActiveConnections" value="10" /> 19 <property name="Pool.MaximumIdleConnections" value="5" /> 20 <property name="Pool.MaximumCheckoutTime" value="120000" /> 21 <property name="Pool.TimeToWait" value="500" /> 22 <property name="Pool.PingQuery" value="select 1 from user" /> 23 <property name="Pool.PingEnabled" value="false" /> 24 </dataSource> 25 </transactionManager> 26 27 <sqlMap resource="sample/orm/ibatis/User.xml" /> 28 29 </sqlMapConfig>
和Hibernate全局配置文件类似，它也包含了数据库连接的信息、数据库连接池的信息以及我们定义的User.xml。
下面是测试方法：
iBatis测试方法
它的执行结果如下：
=====user info===== ID:1;Name:Zhang San ID:2;Name:TEST =====Insert test===== =====user info===== ID:10;Name:Angel =====Update test===== =====user info===== ID:10;Name:Devil =====Delete test===== =====user info===== ID:1;Name:Zhang San ID:2;Name:TEST
这篇文章只是简单介绍了Hibernate和iBatis的用法，并没有涉及全部，例如Hibernate的事务、拦截、HQL、iBatis的缓存等等。这里主要是为了描述ORM框架的基本轮廓，以及在使用方式上它和JDBC的区别。
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