Win32 绘图基础 -- 绘制直线、边框、贝塞尔曲线、填充、裁剪

注:以下内容为学习笔记,多数是从书本、资料中得来,只为加深印象,及日后参考。然而本人表达能力较差,写的不好。因非翻译、非转载,只好选原创,但多数乃摘抄,实为惭愧。但若能帮助一二访客,幸甚!

1.GDI

GDI 的一个主要目的就是支持与设备无关的图形。GDI提供了一种特殊的机制来彻底隔离应用程序和不同输出设备的特性,这样就可以支持与设备无关的图形。


2.设备环境

如果希望在图形输出设备上绘图,必须首先获取设备环境(即DC)的句柄。当Windows把这个句柄交给你的程序,Windows同时也就给予了你使用这个设备的权限。接着,在GDI函数中将这个句柄作为一个参数,告诉Windows在哪个设备上进行绘图。

设备环境中包含许多GDI函数如何工作的属性。


获取设备环境句柄:

1)在处理WM_PAINT消息时使用BeginPaint函数和EndPaint函数:

HDC hdc; 
hdc = BeginPaint(hwnd, &ps);
// ...
EndPaint(hwnd, &ps);

2)在处理非WM_PAINT消息时由Windows程序获取:

HDC hdc;
hdc = GetDC(hwnd);
//....
ReleaseDC(hwnd, hdc);

3)获得用于整个窗口的,而不仅仅是窗口客户区的设备环境句柄:

hdc = GetWindowDC(hwnd);
// ...
ReleaseDC(hwnd, hdc);

4)更通用的获取设备环境句柄的函数:

hdc = CreateDC(pszDriver, pszDevice, pszOutput, pData);
// ...
DeleteDC(hdc);
获取当前整个屏幕的设备环境句柄:

hdc = CreateDC(TEXT("DISPLAY"), NULL, NULL, NULL);

5)处理位图时,有时可能会用到一个”内存设备环境“:
hdcMem = CreateCompatibleDC(hdc);
// ..
DeleteDC(hdcMem);

可以把一个位图选入内存设备环境,并且调用GDI函数绘制这个位图

6)图元文件是以二进制形式编码的GDI函数调用的集合。它可以通过获取一个图元文件的设备环境来创建:

hdcMeta = CreateMetaFile(pszFilename);
// ...
hmf = CloseMetaFile(hdcMeta);

3.设备的尺寸

”分辨率“:每度量单位(通常是英寸)中含有的像素数。

常用函数:

GetSystemMetrics、GetDeviceCaps.


4.色彩ABC

获取视频适配器板卡上的内存的组织形式:

1)色彩平面的数目:

iPlanes= GetDeviceCaps(hdc, PLANES);

2)每个像素的颜色位数:

iBitsPixel = GetDeviceCaps(hdc, BITSPIXEL);


5.点和线的绘制

1)点

SetPixel(hdc, x, y, crColor);
crColor = GetPixel(hdc, x, y);

2)直线
MoveToEx(hdc, xBeg, yBeg, NULL);
LineTo(hdc, xEnd, yEnd);

数组的点连成线:

Polyline(hdc, apt, 5);

用Polyline实现绘制正玄曲线:

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------
	SINEWAVE.cpp -- sine wave Using polyline
--------------------------------------------------------------------*/

#include <windows.h>
#include <math.h>

#define NUM		1000
#define TWOPI	(2*3.14159)

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);

int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, PSTR szCmdLine, int iCmdShow)
{
	static TCHAR	szAppName[] = TEXT("SineWave");
	HWND			hwnd;
	MSG				msg;
	WNDCLASS		wndclass;

	wndclass.style			= CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
	wndclass.lpfnWndProc	= WndProc;
	wndclass.cbClsExtra		= 0;
	wndclass.cbWndExtra		= 0;
	wndclass.hInstance		= hInstance;
	wndclass.hIcon			= LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
	wndclass.hCursor		= LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
	wndclass.hbrBackground	= (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH);
	wndclass.lpszMenuName	= NULL;
	wndclass.lpszClassName	= szAppName;

	if (!RegisterClass(&wndclass))
	{
		MessageBox(NULL, TEXT("Program requires Windows NT!"), szAppName, MB_ICONERROR);
		return 0;
	}

	hwnd = CreateWindow(szAppName, TEXT("Sine Wave Using Polyline"),
						WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
						CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, 
						CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, 
						NULL, NULL, hInstance, NULL);

	ShowWindow(hwnd, iCmdShow);
	UpdateWindow(hwnd);

	while (GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0))
	{
		TranslateMessage(&msg);
		DispatchMessage(&msg);
	}

	return msg.wParam;
}


LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
	static int		cxClient, cyClient;
	HDC				hdc;
	int				i;
	PAINTSTRUCT		ps;
	POINT			apt[NUM];

	switch (message)
	{
	case WM_SIZE:
		cxClient = LOWORD(lParam);
		cyClient = HIWORD(lParam);
		return 0;

	case WM_PAINT:
		hdc = BeginPaint(hwnd, &ps);

		MoveToEx(hdc, 0, cyClient/2, NULL);
		LineTo(hdc, cxClient, cyClient/2);

		for (i = 0; i < NUM; i++)
		{
			apt[i].x = i*cxClient/NUM;
			apt[i].y = (int)(cyClient / 2 * (1-sin(TWOPI * i / NUM)));
		}
		Polyline(hdc, apt, NUM);
		EndPaint(hwnd, &ps);
		return 0;

	case WM_DESTROY:
		PostQuitMessage(0);
		return 0;
	}

	return DefWindowProc(hwnd, message, wParam, lParam);
}



6.几个绘图函数:

Rectangle(hdc, xLeft, yTop, xRight, yBottom);
Ellipse(hdc, xLeft, yTop, xRight, yBottom);
RoundRect(hdc, xLeft, yTop, xRight, yBottom, xCornerEllipse, yCornerEllipse);
Arc(hdc, xLeft, yTop, xRight, yBottom, xStart, yStart, xEnd, yEnd);
Chord(hdc, xLeft, yTop, xRight, yBottom, xStart, yStart, xEnd, yEnd);
Pie(hdc, xLeft, yTop, xRight, yBottom, xStart, yStart, xEnd, yEnd);

绘图示例:

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------
	lineDemo.cpp -- Line-Drawing Demonstration Program
--------------------------------------------------------------------*/

#include <windows.h>
#include <math.h>

#define NUM		1000
#define TWOPI	(2*3.14159)

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);

int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, PSTR szCmdLine, int iCmdShow)
{
	static TCHAR	szAppName[] = TEXT("lineDemo");
	HWND			hwnd;
	MSG				msg;
	WNDCLASS		wndclass;

	wndclass.style			= CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
	wndclass.lpfnWndProc	= WndProc;
	wndclass.cbClsExtra		= 0;
	wndclass.cbWndExtra		= 0;
	wndclass.hInstance		= hInstance;
	wndclass.hIcon			= LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
	wndclass.hCursor		= LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
	wndclass.hbrBackground	= (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH);
	wndclass.lpszMenuName	= NULL;
	wndclass.lpszClassName	= szAppName;

	if (!RegisterClass(&wndclass))
	{
		MessageBox(NULL, TEXT("Program requires Windows NT!"), szAppName, MB_ICONERROR);
		return 0;
	}

	hwnd = CreateWindow(szAppName, TEXT("Line Demonstration"),
						WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
						CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, 
						CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, 
						NULL, NULL, hInstance, NULL);

	ShowWindow(hwnd, iCmdShow);
	UpdateWindow(hwnd);

	while (GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0))
	{
		TranslateMessage(&msg);
		DispatchMessage(&msg);
	}

	return msg.wParam;
}


LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
	static int		cxClient, cyClient;
	HDC				hdc;
	PAINTSTRUCT		ps;

	switch (message)
	{
	case WM_SIZE:
		cxClient = LOWORD(lParam);
		cyClient = HIWORD(lParam);
		return 0;

	case WM_PAINT:
		hdc = BeginPaint(hwnd, &ps);

		Rectangle(hdc, cxClient/8, cyClient/8, 7*cxClient/8, 7*cyClient/8);

		MoveToEx(hdc, 0, 0, NULL);
		LineTo(hdc, cxClient, cyClient);

		MoveToEx(hdc, 0, cyClient, NULL);
		LineTo(hdc, cxClient, 0);

		Ellipse(hdc, cxClient/8, cyClient/8, 7*cxClient/8, 7*cyClient/8);

		RoundRect(hdc, cxClient/4, cyClient/4, 3*cxClient/4, 3*cyClient/4, cxClient/4, cyClient/4);

		EndPaint(hwnd, &ps);
		return 0;

	case WM_DESTROY:
		PostQuitMessage(0);
		return 0;
	}

	return DefWindowProc(hwnd, message, wParam, lParam);
}




7.贝塞尔样条曲线:

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------
	bezier.cpp -- Bezier Splines Demo
--------------------------------------------------------------------*/

#include <windows.h>
#include <math.h>

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);

int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, PSTR szCmdLine, int iCmdShow)
{
	static TCHAR	szAppName[] = TEXT("Bezier");
	HWND			hwnd;
	MSG				msg;
	WNDCLASS		wndclass;

	wndclass.style			= CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
	wndclass.lpfnWndProc	= WndProc;
	wndclass.cbClsExtra		= 0;
	wndclass.cbWndExtra		= 0;
	wndclass.hInstance		= hInstance;
	wndclass.hIcon			= LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
	wndclass.hCursor		= LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
	wndclass.hbrBackground	= (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH);
	wndclass.lpszMenuName	= NULL;
	wndclass.lpszClassName	= szAppName;

	if (!RegisterClass(&wndclass))
	{
		MessageBox(NULL, TEXT("Program requires Windows NT!"), szAppName, MB_ICONERROR);
		return 0;
	}

	hwnd = CreateWindow(szAppName, TEXT("Bezier Splines Demo"),
						WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
						CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, 
						CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, 
						NULL, NULL, hInstance, NULL);

	ShowWindow(hwnd, iCmdShow);
	UpdateWindow(hwnd);

	while (GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0))
	{
		TranslateMessage(&msg);
		DispatchMessage(&msg);
	}

	return msg.wParam;
}


void DrawBezier(HDC hdc, POINT apt[])
{
	PolyBezier(hdc, apt, 4);

	MoveToEx(hdc, apt[0].x, apt[0].y, NULL);
	LineTo(hdc, apt[1].x, apt[1].y);

	MoveToEx(hdc, apt[2].x, apt[2].y, NULL);
	LineTo(hdc, apt[3].x, apt[3].y);
}

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
	static POINT	apt[4];
	int				cxClient, cyClient;
	HDC				hdc;
	PAINTSTRUCT		ps;

	switch (message)
	{
	case WM_SIZE:
		cxClient = LOWORD(lParam);
		cyClient = HIWORD(lParam);

		apt[0].x = cxClient / 4;
		apt[0].y = cyClient / 2;

		apt[1].x = cxClient / 2;
		apt[1].y = cyClient / 4;

		apt[2].x = cxClient / 2;
		apt[2].y = 3 * cyClient / 4;

		apt[3].x = 3 * cxClient / 4;
		apt[3].y = cyClient / 2;

		return 0;

	case WM_LBUTTONDOWN:
	case WM_RBUTTONDOWN:
	case WM_MOUSEMOVE:
		if (wParam & MK_LBUTTON || wParam & MK_RBUTTON)
		{
			hdc = GetDC(hwnd);
			
			SelectObject(hdc, GetStockObject(WHITE_PEN));
			DrawBezier(hdc, apt);

			if (wParam & MK_LBUTTON)
			{
				apt[1].x = LOWORD(lParam);
				apt[1].y = HIWORD(lParam);
			}

			if (wParam & MK_RBUTTON)
			{
				apt[2].x = LOWORD(lParam);
				apt[2].y = HIWORD(lParam);
			}
			
			SelectObject(hdc, GetStockObject(BLACK_PEN));
			DrawBezier(hdc, apt);

			ReleaseDC(hwnd, hdc);
		}

	case WM_PAINT:
		InvalidateRect(hwnd, NULL, TRUE);
		hdc = BeginPaint(hwnd, &ps);

		DrawBezier(hdc, apt);

		EndPaint(hwnd, &ps);
		return 0;

	case WM_DESTROY:
		PostQuitMessage(0);
		return 0;
	}

	return DefWindowProc(hwnd, message, wParam, lParam);
}



8.填充区域

PeekMessage

在Windows中有很多”空闲时间“,在这期间所有的消息队列都是空的,Windows就在等待键盘或者鼠标的输入。那么能否在空闲期间从某种程度上获取控制,而一旦有消息加载到程序的消息队列,就释放控制呢?这就是PeekMessage的”用武之地“。

PeekMessage的意思,它是”偷看“而不是”获得“。它允许一个程序检查程序队列中的下一个消息,而不是真实地获得并删除它看到的消息。

GetMessage并不把控制权交还给程序,除非它从程序的消息队列中获得了消息。但PeekMessage却总是立即返回,不管消息是否出现。

随机矩形代码:


/*-------------------------------------------------------------------
	randRect.cpp -- Displays Random Rectangles
--------------------------------------------------------------------*/

#include <windows.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);
void DrawRectangle(HWND);

int cxClient, cyClient;

int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, PSTR szCmdLine, int iCmdShow)
{
	static TCHAR	szAppName[] = TEXT("RandRect");
	HWND			hwnd;
	MSG				msg;
	WNDCLASS		wndclass;

	wndclass.style			= CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
	wndclass.lpfnWndProc	= WndProc;
	wndclass.cbClsExtra		= 0;
	wndclass.cbWndExtra		= 0;
	wndclass.hInstance		= hInstance;
	wndclass.hIcon			= LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
	wndclass.hCursor		= LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
	wndclass.hbrBackground	= (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH);
	wndclass.lpszMenuName	= NULL;
	wndclass.lpszClassName	= szAppName;

	if (!RegisterClass(&wndclass))
	{
		MessageBox(NULL, TEXT("Program requires Windows NT!"), szAppName, MB_ICONERROR);
		return 0;
	}

	hwnd = CreateWindow(szAppName, TEXT("Rand Rectangle"),
						WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
						CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, 
						CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, 
						NULL, NULL, hInstance, NULL);

	ShowWindow(hwnd, iCmdShow);
	UpdateWindow(hwnd);

	while (TRUE)
	{
		if (PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE))
		{
			if (msg.message == WM_QUIT)
				break;
			TranslateMessage(&msg);
			DispatchMessage(&msg);
		}
		else
		{
			Sleep(100);
			DrawRectangle(hwnd);
		}
	}

	return msg.wParam;
}


void DrawRectangle(HWND hwnd)
{
	HBRUSH		hBrush;
	HDC			hdc;
	RECT		rect;

	if (cxClient == 0 || cyClient == 0)
		return;

	SetRect(&rect, rand() % cxClient, rand() % cyClient, rand() % cxClient, rand() % cyClient);

	hBrush = CreateSolidBrush(RGB(rand() % 256, rand() % 256, rand() % 256));
	hdc = GetDC(hwnd);

	FillRect(hdc, &rect, hBrush);
	ReleaseDC(hwnd, hdc);
	DeleteObject(hBrush);
}

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
	switch (message)
	{
	case WM_SIZE:
		cxClient = LOWORD(lParam);
		cyClient = HIWORD(lParam);

		return 0;

	case WM_DESTROY:
		PostQuitMessage(0);
		return 0;
	}

	return DefWindowProc(hwnd, message, wParam, lParam);
}



9.矩形与区域的裁剪

InvalidRect函数使显示的矩形区域无效,并产生一个WM_PAINT消息。可以用来擦除客户区的内容,并产生一个WM_PAINT消息。

若处理区域而不是矩形可用:

InvalidateRgn(hwnd, hRgn, bErase);

ValidateRgn(hwnd, hRgn);

CLOVER程序:

由四个椭圆形成一个区域,然后把这个区域选入设备环境,接着从窗口的客户区中心发散绘制一系列直线。这些直线仅出现裁剪区内。

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------
	clover.cpp -- Clover Drawing Program Using Regions
--------------------------------------------------------------------*/

#include <windows.h>
#include <math.h>

#define TWO_PI	(2.0 * 3.14159)

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);
void DrawRectangle(HWND);

int cxClient, cyClient;

int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, PSTR szCmdLine, int iCmdShow)
{
	static TCHAR	szAppName[] = TEXT("clover");
	HWND			hwnd;
	MSG				msg;
	WNDCLASS		wndclass;

	wndclass.style			= CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
	wndclass.lpfnWndProc	= WndProc;
	wndclass.cbClsExtra		= 0;
	wndclass.cbWndExtra		= 0;
	wndclass.hInstance		= hInstance;
	wndclass.hIcon			= LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
	wndclass.hCursor		= LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
	wndclass.hbrBackground	= (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH);
	wndclass.lpszMenuName	= NULL;
	wndclass.lpszClassName	= szAppName;

	if (!RegisterClass(&wndclass))
	{
		MessageBox(NULL, TEXT("Program requires Windows NT!"), szAppName, MB_ICONERROR);
		return 0;
	}

	hwnd = CreateWindow(szAppName, TEXT("Draw a Clover"),
						WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
						CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, 
						CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, 
						NULL, NULL, hInstance, NULL);

	ShowWindow(hwnd, iCmdShow);
	UpdateWindow(hwnd);

	while (GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0))
	{

		TranslateMessage(&msg);
		DispatchMessage(&msg);
	}

	return msg.wParam;
}

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
	static HRGN		hRgnClip;
	static int		cxClient, cyClient;
	double			fAngle, fRadius;
	HCURSOR			hCursor;
	HDC				hdc;
	HRGN			hRgnTemp[6];
	int				i;
	PAINTSTRUCT		ps;

	switch (message)
	{
	case WM_SIZE:
		cxClient = LOWORD(lParam);
		cyClient = HIWORD(lParam);
		
		hCursor = SetCursor(LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_WAIT));
		ShowCursor(TRUE);

		if (hRgnClip)
			DeleteObject(hRgnClip);

		hRgnTemp[0] = CreateEllipticRgn(0,			cyClient/3,		cxClient/2,		2*cyClient/3);
		hRgnTemp[1] = CreateEllipticRgn(cxClient/2,	cyClient/3,		cxClient,		2*cyClient/3);
		hRgnTemp[2] = CreateEllipticRgn(cxClient/3,	0,				2*cxClient/3,	cyClient/2);
		hRgnTemp[3] = CreateEllipticRgn(cxClient/3, cyClient/2,		2*cxClient/3,	cyClient);
		hRgnTemp[4] = CreateRectRgn(0, 0, 1, 1);
		hRgnTemp[5] = CreateRectRgn(0, 0, 1, 1);
		hRgnClip = CreateRectRgn(0, 0, 1, 1);

		CombineRgn(hRgnTemp[4], hRgnTemp[0], hRgnTemp[1], RGN_OR);
		CombineRgn(hRgnTemp[5], hRgnTemp[2], hRgnTemp[3], RGN_OR);
		CombineRgn(hRgnClip, hRgnTemp[4], hRgnTemp[5], RGN_XOR);

		for (i = 0; i < 6; i++)
			DeleteObject(hRgnTemp[i]);

		SetCursor(hCursor);
		ShowCursor(FALSE);

		return 0;

	case WM_PAINT:
		hdc = BeginPaint(hwnd, &ps);

		SetViewportOrgEx(hdc, cxClient/2, cyClient/2, NULL);
		SelectClipRgn(hdc, hRgnClip);

		// hypot 计算直角三角形斜边的长
		fRadius = _hypot(cxClient/2.0, cyClient/2.0);

		for (fAngle = 0.0; fAngle < TWO_PI; fAngle += TWO_PI/360)
		{
			MoveToEx(hdc, 0, 0, NULL);
			LineTo(hdc, int(fRadius * cos(fAngle) + 0.5), int(-fRadius * sin(fAngle) + 0.5));
		}
		EndPaint(hwnd, &ps);
		return 0;

	case WM_DESTROY:
		DeleteObject(hRgnClip);
		PostQuitMessage(0);
		return 0;
	}

	return DefWindowProc(hwnd, message, wParam, lParam);
}


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