GCOV的使用-测试代码覆盖率

于 2012-12-07 12:59:51 发布
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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/heli007/article/details/8268614
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1. gcov是什么？

  • Gcov is GCC Coverage
  • 是一个测试代码覆盖率的工具
  • 是一个命令行方式的控制台程序
  • 伴随GCC发布，配合GCC共同实现对C/C++文件的语句覆盖和分支覆盖测试；
  • 与程序概要分析工具(profiling tool，例如gprof)一起工作，可以估计程序中哪一段代码最耗时；

注：程序概要分析工具是分析代码性能的工具。

2. gcov能做什么？

gcov可以统计

  • 每一行代码的执行频率
  • 实际上哪些代码确实被执行了
  • 每一段代码(section code)的耗时(执行时间)

因此，gcov可以帮你优化代码，当然这个优化动作还是应该有开发者完成。

 

3. 如何使用gcov？

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
    int i,total;
    total = 0;
    for (i=0; i<10; i++)
        total += i;
    if (total != 45)
        cout << "Failure!" << endl;
    else
        cout << "Success!" << endl;
    return 0;
}

3.1 使用gcov的3个阶段

(1) 编译

             

     $ g++ -fprofile-arcs -ftest-coverage -o main main.cpp
          $   ls

-rwxrwxr-x. 1 heli heli 20281 Dec  7 11:54 main
-rw-rw-r--. 1 heli heli   217 Dec  7 10:57 main.cpp
-rw-rw-r--. 1 heli heli  6632 Dec  7 11:54 main.gcno

-fprofile-arcs  -ftest-coverage告诉编译器生成gcov需要的额外信息，并在目标文件中插入gcov需要的extra profiling information。因此，该命令在生成可执行文件test的同时生成mian.gcno文件(gcov note文件)。

(2) 收集信息


执行该程序，生成main.gcda文件(gcov data文件)。

 

(3) 报告

$ ./main 
Success!
$ ll
total 36
-rwxrwxr-x. 1 heli heli 20281 Dec  7 11:54 main
-rw-rw-r--. 1 heli heli   217 Dec  7 10:57 main.cpp
-rw-rw-r--. 1 heli heli   784 Dec  7 11:56 main.gcda
-rw-rw-r--. 1 heli heli  6632 Dec  7 11:54 main.gcno
$ gcov main.cpp 
File '/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.4.6/../../../../include/c++/4.4.6/bits/ios_base.h'
Lines executed:0.00% of 2
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.4.6/../../../../include/c++/4.4.6/bits/ios_base.h:creating 'ios_base.h.gcov'

File '/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.4.6/../../../../include/c++/4.4.6/ostream'
Lines executed:0.00% of 11
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.4.6/../../../../include/c++/4.4.6/ostream:creating 'ostream.gcov'

File '/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.4.6/../../../../include/c++/4.4.6/bits/basic_ios.h'
Lines executed:0.00% of 10
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.4.6/../../../../include/c++/4.4.6/bits/basic_ios.h:creating 'basic_ios.h.gcov'

File 'main.cpp'
Lines executed:88.89% of 9
main.cpp:creating 'main.cpp.gcov'

File '/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.4.6/../../../../include/c++/4.4.6/iostream'
Lines executed:100.00% of 1
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.4.6/../../../../include/c++/4.4.6/iostream:creating 'iostream.gcov'

File '/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.4.6/../../../../include/c++/4.4.6/bits/char_traits.h'
Lines executed:0.00% of 2
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.4.6/../../../../include/c++/4.4.6/bits/char_traits.h:creating 'char_traits.h.gcov'

File '/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.4.6/../../../../include/c++/4.4.6/bits/locale_facets.h'
Lines executed:0.00% of 5
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.4.6/../../../../include/c++/4.4.6/bits/locale_facets.h:creating 'locale_facets.h.gcov'
$ ll
total 300
-rw-rw-r--. 1 heli heli  22753 Dec  7 11:57 basic_ios.h.gcov
-rw-rw-r--. 1 heli heli  25834 Dec  7 11:57 char_traits.h.gcov
-rw-rw-r--. 1 heli heli  44130 Dec  7 11:57 ios_base.h.gcov
-rw-rw-r--. 1 heli heli   4084 Dec  7 11:57 iostream.gcov
-rw-rw-r--. 1 heli heli 132403 Dec  7 11:57 locale_facets.h.gcov
-rwxrwxr-x. 1 heli heli  20281 Dec  7 11:54 main
-rw-rw-r--. 1 heli heli    217 Dec  7 10:57 main.cpp
-rw-rw-r--. 1 heli heli    618 Dec  7 11:57 main.cpp.gcov
-rw-rw-r--. 1 heli heli    784 Dec  7 11:56 main.gcda
-rw-rw-r--. 1 heli heli   6632 Dec  7 11:54 main.gcno
-rw-rw-r--. 1 heli heli  27743 Dec  7 11:57 ostream.gcov

生成:

     main.cpp.gcov
文件，该文件记录了每行代码被执行的次数。

 

main.cpp.gcov文件内容如下:

-:    0:Source:main.cpp
        -:    0:Graph:main.gcno
        -:    0:Data:main.gcda
        -:    0:Runs:1
        -:    0:Programs:1
        -:    1:#include <iostream>
        -:    2:using namespace std;
        1:    3:int main()
        -:    4:{
        -:    5:    int i,total;
        1:    6:    total = 0;
        -:    7:
       11:    8:    for (i=0; i<10; i++)
       10:    9:        total += i;
        -:   10:
        1:   11:    if (total != 45)
    #####:   12:        cout << "Failure!" << endl;
        -:   13:    else
        1:   14:        cout << "Success!" << endl;
        1:   15:    return 0;
        3:   16:}

3.2 gcov的选项

 

gcov的选项不多，也好理解，此处选3个典型的选项并结合例子加以说明。

 

(1) -a, --all-blocks

 

在.gcov文件中输出每个基本快(basic block)的执行次数。如果没有-a选项，则输出'main'函数这个block的执行次数，如上所示。使用该选项可以

    Write individual execution counts for every basic block.  Normally gcov outputs execution counts only for the main blocks of a line.  With this option you can determine if blocks within a single line are not being executed.

 

# gcov -a main.cpp

$ gcov -a main.cpp
File '/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.4.6/../../../../include/c++/4.4.6/bits/ios_base.h'
Lines executed:0.00% of 2
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.4.6/../../../../include/c++/4.4.6/bits/ios_base.h:creating 'ios_base.h.gcov'

File '/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.4.6/../../../../include/c++/4.4.6/ostream'
Lines executed:0.00% of 11
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.4.6/../../../../include/c++/4.4.6/ostream:creating 'ostream.gcov'

File '/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.4.6/../../../../include/c++/4.4.6/bits/basic_ios.h'
Lines executed:0.00% of 10
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.4.6/../../../../include/c++/4.4.6/bits/basic_ios.h:creating 'basic_ios.h.gcov'

File 'main.cpp'
Lines executed:88.89% of 9
main.cpp:creating 'main.cpp.gcov'

File '/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.4.6/../../../../include/c++/4.4.6/iostream'
Lines executed:100.00% of 1
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.4.6/../../../../include/c++/4.4.6/iostream:creating 'iostream.gcov'

File '/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.4.6/../../../../include/c++/4.4.6/bits/char_traits.h'
Lines executed:0.00% of 2
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.4.6/../../../../include/c++/4.4.6/bits/char_traits.h:creating 'char_traits.h.gcov'

File '/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.4.6/../../../../include/c++/4.4.6/bits/locale_facets.h'
Lines executed:0.00% of 5
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.4.6/../../../../include/c++/4.4.6/bits/locale_facets.h:creating 'locale_facets.h.gcov'

main.cpp.gcov文件内容。

-:    0:Source:main.cpp
        -:    0:Graph:main.gcno
        -:    0:Data:main.gcda
        -:    0:Runs:1
        -:    0:Programs:1
        -:    1:#include <iostream>
        -:    2:using namespace std;
        1:    3:int main()
        -:    4:{
        -:    5:    int i,total;
        1:    6:    total = 0;
        -:    7:
       11:    8:    for (i=0; i<10; i++)
        1:    8-block  0
       10:    8-block  1
       11:    8-block  2
       10:    9:        total += i;
        -:   10:
        1:   11:    if (total != 45)
        1:   11-block  0
    #####:   12:        cout << "Failure!" << endl;
    $$$$$:   12-block  0
        -:   13:    else
        1:   14:        cout << "Success!" << endl;
        1:   14-block  0
        1:   15:    return 0;
        1:   15-block  0
        3:   16:}
        1:   16-block  0
        1:   16-block  1
        1:   16-block  2
        1:   16-block  3

 (2) -b, --branch-probabilities 

在.gcov文件中输出每个分支的执行频率，并有分支统计信息。

# gcov -b main.cpp

(3) -c, --branch-counts

在.gcov文件中输出每个分支的执行次数。

# gcov -c main.cpp


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