一,概念
XML现在已经成为一种通用的数据交换格式,它的平台无关性,语言无关性,系统无关性,给数据集成与交互带来了极大的方便。
XML相关知识:
结构:
DOM(Document Object Model)
定义:
DTD(文档类型定义)的作用是定义 XML 文档的合法构建模块。
XSD(XML Schema Definition)
读取:
XPath 是一门在 XML 文档中查找信息的语言。XPath 可用来在 XML 文档中对元素和属性进行遍历。
二,Java相关库
XML在不同的语言里解析方式都是一样的,只不过实现的语法不同而已。基本的解析方式有两种:一种叫DOM,DOM是基于XML文档树结构的解析。
一种叫SAX,SAX是基于事件流的解析。
1.DOM生成和解析XML文档
为 XML 文档的已解析版本定义了一组接口。解析器读入整个文档,然后构建一个驻留内存的树结构,然后代码就可以使用 DOM 接口来操作这个树结构。
优点:整个文档树在内存中,便于操作;支持删除、修改、重新排列等多种功能;
缺点:将整个文档调入内存(包括无用的节点),浪费时间和空间;
使用场合:一旦解析了文档还需多次访问这些数据;硬件资源充足(内存、CPU)。
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilder;
import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory;
import javax.xml.transform.OutputKeys;
import javax.xml.transform.Transformer;
import javax.xml.transform.TransformerFactory;
import javax.xml.transform.dom.DOMSource;
import javax.xml.transform.stream.StreamResult;
import org.w3c.dom.Document;
import org.w3c.dom.Element;
import org.w3c.dom.Node;
import org.w3c.dom.NodeList;
public class DomDemo {
public void createXml(String fileName) throws Exception{
DocumentBuilderFactory factory = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
DocumentBuilder builder = factory.newDocumentBuilder();
Document document = builder.newDocument();
Element root = document.createElement("employees");
Element employee = document.createElement("employee");
Element name = document.createElement("name");
name.appendChild(document.createTextNode("Jason"));
employee.appendChild(name);
Element sex = document.createElement("sex");
sex.appendChild(document.createTextNode("m"));
employee.appendChild(sex);
root.appendChild(employee);
document.appendChild(root);
DOMSource source = new DOMSource(document);
TransformerFactory transformerFactory = TransformerFactory.newInstance();
Transformer transformer = transformerFactory.newTransformer();
transformer.setOutputProperty(OutputKeys.ENCODING, "utf-8");
transformer.setOutputProperty(OutputKeys.INDENT, "yes");
PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter(new FileOutputStream(fileName));
StreamResult result = new StreamResult(pw);
transformer.transform(source, result);
}
public void parserXml(String fileName) throws Exception{
DocumentBuilderFactory factory = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
DocumentBuilder builder = factory.newDocumentBuilder();
Document document = builder.parse(fileName);
NodeList employees = document.getChildNodes();
for (int i = 0; i < employees.getLength(); i++) {
Node employee = employees.item(i);
NodeList employeeInfo = employee.getChildNodes();
for (int j = 0; j < employeeInfo.getLength(); j++) {
Node node = employeeInfo.item(j);
NodeList employeeMeta = node.getChildNodes();
for (int k = 0; k < employeeMeta.getLength(); k++) {
System.out.println(employeeMeta.item(k).getNodeName()
+ ":" + employeeMeta.item(k).getTextContent());
}
}
}
}
}
2.SAX生成和解析XML文档
为解决DOM的问题,出现了SAX。SAX ,事件驱动。当解析器发现元素开始、元素结束、文本、文档的开始或结束等时,发送事件,程序员编写响应这些事件的代码,保存数据。
优点:不用事先调入整个文档,占用资源少;SAX解析器代码比DOM解析器代码小,适于Applet,下载。
缺点:不是持久的;事件过后,若没保存数据,那么数据就丢了;无状态性;从事件中只能得到文本,但不知该文本属于哪个元素;
使用场合:Applet;只需XML文档的少量内容,很少回头访问;机器内存少;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.InputStream;
import javax.xml.parsers.SAXParser;
import javax.xml.parsers.SAXParserFactory;
import org.xml.sax.Attributes;
import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
import org.xml.sax.helpers.DefaultHandler;
public class SaxDemo {
public void parserXml(String fileName) throws Exception {
SAXParserFactory saxParserFactory = SAXParserFactory.newInstance();
SAXParser saxparser = saxParserFactory.newSAXParser();
InputStream is = new FileInputStream(fileName);
saxparser.parse(is, new MySAXHandler());
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
SaxDemo saxDemo = new SaxDemo();
saxDemo.parserXml("employees.xml");
}
}
class MySAXHandler extends DefaultHandler {
public void startElement(String uri, String localName, String qName, Attributes attributes) throws SAXException {
if (qName.equals("employees")) {
return;
}
if (qName.equals("employee")) {
System.out.println(qName);
}
}
public void characters(char[] ch, int start, int length) throws SAXException {
System.out.println(new String(ch, start, length));
}
}
3.DOM4J生成和解析XML文档 DOM4J 是一个非常非常优秀的Java XML API,具有性能优异、功能强大和极端易用使用的特点,同时它也是一个开放源代码的软件。如今你可以看到越来越多的 Java 软件都在使用 DOM4J 来读写 XML,特别值得一提的是连 Sun 的 JAXM 也在用 DOM4J。
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileWriter;
import java.io.Writer;
import java.util.Iterator;
import org.dom4j.Document;
import org.dom4j.DocumentHelper;
import org.dom4j.Element;
import org.dom4j.io.SAXReader;
import org.dom4j.io.XMLWriter;
public class Dom4jDemo {
public void createXml(String fileName) throws Exception{
Document document = DocumentHelper.createDocument();
Element employees = document.addElement("employees");
Element employee = employees.addElement("employee");
Element name = employee.addElement("name");
name.setText("Jason");
Element sex = employee.addElement("sex");
sex.setText("m");
Writer fileWriter = new FileWriter(fileName);
XMLWriter xmlWriter = new XMLWriter(fileWriter);
xmlWriter.write(document);
xmlWriter.close();
}
public void parserXml(String fileName) throws Exception{
File inputXml = new File(fileName);
SAXReader saxReader = new SAXReader();
Document document = saxReader.read(inputXml);
Element employees = document.getRootElement();
for (Iterator i = employees.elementIterator(); i.hasNext();) {
Element employee = (Element) i.next();
for (Iterator j = employee.elementIterator(); j.hasNext();) {
Element node = (Element) j.next();
System.out.println(node.getName() + ":" + node.getText());
}
}
}
}
4.JDOM生成和解析XML
为减少DOM、SAX的编码量,出现了JDOM;优点:20-80原则,极大减少了代码量。使用场合:要实现的功能简单,如解析、创建等,但在底层,JDOM还是使用SAX(最常用)、DOM、Xanan文档。
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.util.List;
import org.jdom.Document;
import org.jdom.Element;
import org.jdom.input.SAXBuilder;
import org.jdom.output.XMLOutputter;
public class JDomDemo {
public void createXml(String fileName) throws Exception {
Document document;
Element root;
root = new Element("employees");
document = new Document(root);
Element employee = new Element("employee");
root.addContent(employee);
Element name = new Element("name");
name.setText("Jason");
employee.addContent(name);
Element sex = new Element("sex");
sex.setText("m");
employee.addContent(sex);
XMLOutputter XMLOut = new XMLOutputter();
XMLOut.output(document, new FileOutputStream(fileName));
}
public void parserXml(String fileName) throws Exception {
SAXBuilder builder = new SAXBuilder(false);
Document document = builder.build(fileName);
Element employees = document.getRootElement();
List employeeList = employees.getChildren("employee");
for (int i = 0; i < employeeList.size(); i++) {
Element employee = (Element) employeeList.get(i);
List employeeInfo = employee.getChildren();
for (int j = 0; j < employeeInfo.size(); j++) {
System.out.println(((Element) employeeInfo.get(j)).getName()+ ":"+ ((Element) employeeInfo.get(j)).getValue());
}
}
}
}
三,Java对象和XML互转
1,JAXB
简介
(Java Architecture for XML Binding) 是一个业界的标准,是一项可以根据XML Schema产生Java类的技术。该过程中,JAXB也提供了将XML实例文档反向生成Java对象树的方法,并能将Java对象树的内容重新写到 XML实例文档。
Jaxb 2.0是JDK 1.6的组成部分。我们不需要下载第三方jar包 即可做到轻松转换。Jaxb2使用了JDK的新特性,如:Annotation、GenericType等,需要在即将转换的JavaBean中添加annotation注解。
2,重要概念
JAXBContext类,是应用的入口,用于管理XML/Java绑定信息。
Marshaller接口,将Java对象序列化为XML数据。
Unmarshaller接口,将XML数据反序列化为Java对象。
3,常用注解
@XmlType,将Java类或枚举类型映射到XML模式类型
@XmlAccessorType(XmlAccessType.FIELD) ,控制字段或属性的序列化。FIELD表示JAXB将自动绑定Java类中的每个非静态的(static)、非瞬态的(由@XmlTransient标 注)字段到XML。其他值还有XmlAccessType.PROPERTY和XmlAccessType.NONE。
@XmlAccessorOrder,控制JAXB 绑定类中属性和字段的排序。
@XmlJavaTypeAdapter,使用定制的适配器(即扩展抽象类XmlAdapter并覆盖marshal()和unmarshal()方法),以序列化Java类为XML。
@XmlElementWrapper ,对于数组或集合(即包含多个元素的成员变量),生成一个包装该数组或集合的XML元素(称为包装器)。
@XmlRootElement,将Java类或枚举类型映射到XML元素。
@XmlElement,将Java类的一个属性映射到与属性同名的一个XML元素。
@XmlAttribute,将Java类的一个属性映射到与属性同名的一个XML属性。
4,例子
package jaxb;
import java.io.StringReader;
import java.io.StringWriter;
import javax.xml.bind.JAXBContext;
import javax.xml.bind.Marshaller;
import javax.xml.bind.Unmarshaller;
public class JaxbUtil {
public static String convertToXml(Object obj, String encoding) {
String result = null;
try {
JAXBContext context = JAXBContext.newInstance(obj.getClass());
Marshaller marshaller = context.createMarshaller();
marshaller.setProperty(Marshaller.JAXB_FORMATTED_OUTPUT, true);
marshaller.setProperty(Marshaller.JAXB_ENCODING, encoding);
StringWriter writer = new StringWriter();
marshaller.marshal(obj, writer);
result = writer.toString();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return result;
}
public static <T> T converyToJavaBean(String xml, Class<T> c) {
T t = null;
try {
JAXBContext context = JAXBContext.newInstance(c);
Unmarshaller unmarshaller = context.createUnmarshaller();
t = (T) unmarshaller.unmarshal(new StringReader(xml));
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return t;
}
}
package jaxb;
import java.util.Date;
import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlAccessType;
import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlAccessorType;
import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlAttribute;
import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlElement;
import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlRootElement;
import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlType;
@XmlAccessorType(XmlAccessType.FIELD)
@XmlRootElement
@XmlType(name = "book", propOrder = { "id","author", "calendar", "price" })
public class Book {
@XmlElement(required = true)
private String author;
@XmlElement(name = "price_1", required = true)
private float price;
@XmlElement
private Date calendar;
@XmlAttribute
private Integer id;
public String getAuthor() {
return author;
}
public float getPrice() {
return price;
}
public Date getCalendar() {
return calendar;
}
public Integer getId() {
return id;
}
public void setAuthor(String author) {
this.author = author;
}
public void setPrice(float price) {
this.price = price;
}
public void setCalendar(Date calendar) {
this.calendar = calendar;
}
public void setId(Integer id) {
this.id = id;
}
public String toString() {
return "Book [ id=" + id +" author=" + author + ", price=" + price + ", calendar=" + calendar + " ]";
}
}
package jaxb;
import java.util.Date;
public class JaxbTest {
public void showMarshaller() {
Book book = new Book();
book.setId(100);
book.setAuthor("James");
book.setCalendar(new Date());
book.setPrice(23.45f);
String str = JaxbUtil.convertToXml(book,"UTF-8");
System.out.println(str);
}
public void showUnMarshaller() {
String str = "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"yes\"?>" +
"<book id=\"100\">" +
" <author>Jason</author>" +
" <calendar>2014-03-29T09:25:56.004+08:00</calendar>" +
" <price_1>88.99</price_1>" +
"</book>";
Book book = JaxbUtil.converyToJavaBean(str, Book.class);
System.out.println(book);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
JaxbTest jaxbTest = new JaxbTest();
jaxbTest.showMarshaller();
jaxbTest.showUnMarshaller();
}
}
好文: