本系列文章导航
转换器(Converter)—Struts 2.0中的魔术师
在Struts 2.0中实现表单数据校验（Validation）
在上一篇文章《为Struts 2.0做好准备 》中，我过于详细地介绍了Struts 2.0开发环境和运行环境的配置，所以，本文很少涉及的以上两方面的细节。如果，您看完《为Struts 2.0做好准备 》后，还有什么不明白，或者没法运行文中例子，请联系：Max.M.Yuan@gmail.com。
在介绍常用标志前，我想先从总体上，对Struts 1.x与Struts 2.0的标志库（Tag Library）作比较。
| Struts 1.x | Struts 2.0 | |
| 分类 | 将标志库按功能分成HTML、Tiles、Logic和Bean等几部分 | 严格上来说，没有分类，所有标志都在URI为“/struts-tags”命名空间下，不过，我们可以从功能上将其分为两大类：非UI标志和UI标志 |
| 表达式语言（expression languages） | 不支持嵌入语言（EL） | OGNL、JSTL、Groovy和Velcity |
以上表格，纯属个人总结，如有所不足或错误，请不吝指正
好了，我要开始介绍“常用”（这里所谓的“常用”，是指在已往工作中使用Struts里经常用到的）的标志了。
 | 要在JSP中使用Struts 2.0标志，先要指明标志的引入。通过在JSP的代码的顶部加入以下代码可以做到这点。 <%@ taglib prefix = "s" uri = "/struts-tags" %> |
- 非UI标志
- if、elseif和else
描述：
执行基本的条件流转。参数：
名称 必需 默认 类型 描述 备注 test 是 Boolean 决定标志里内容是否显示的表达式 else标志没有这个参数 id 否 Object/String 用来标识元素的id。在UI和表单中为HTML的id属性 例子：
<% @ page contentType = " text/html; charset=UTF-8 " %>例1 condition.jsp
<% @ taglib prefix = " s " uri = " /struts-tags " %>
<! DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" >
< html >
< head >
< title > Condition Flow </ title >
</ head >
< body >
< h3 > Condition Flow </ h3 >
<!--
这里有点小技巧：
本来可以用#parameters.name[0]来获得，请求中name的值。但是，在我实现include例子时，
无论我用param标志给name赋任何值，#parameters里面不会含有任何值，所以#parameters.name也为空值。
其原因为：
当使用include标志时，被包含的页面（included）里#parameters拿到的是包含页面里的请求参数。
因此，这里必须手工调用request.getParameter("name")。
-->
< s:set name ="name" value ="<%= " '" + request.getParameter("name") + "'" % > " />
< s:if test ="#name == 'Max'" >
Max's file here
</ s:if >
< s:elseif test ="#name == 'Scott'" >
Scott's file here
</ s:elseif >
< s:else >
Other's file here
</ s:else >
</ body >
</ html > - iterator
描述：
用于遍历集合（java.util.Collection）或枚举值（java.util.Iterator）。参数：
名称 必需 默认 类型 描述 status 否 String 如果设置此参数，一个IteratorStatus的实例将会压入每个遍历的堆栈 value 否 Object/String 要遍历的可枚举的（iteratable）数据源，或者将放入新列表（List）的对象 id 否 Object/String 用来标识元素的id。在UI和表单中为HTML的id属性 例子：
<% @ page contentType = " text/html; charset=UTF-8 " %>例2 iterator.jsp
<% @ page import = " java.util.List " %>
<% @ page import = " java.util.ArrayList " %>
<% @ taglib prefix = " s " uri = " /struts-tags " %>
<! DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" >
<%
List list = new ArrayList();
list.add( " Max " );
list.add( " Scott " );
list.add( " Jeffry " );
list.add( " Joe " );
list.add( " Kelvin " );
request.setAttribute( " names " , list);
%>
< html >
< head >
< title > Iterator </ title >
</ head >
< body >
< h3 > Names: </ h3 >
<!--
1、此处的空property元素用于获得当前iterator的值
2、status被设成stuts，在iterator的里面就可以通过#stuts取得IteratorStatus的对象。IteratorStatus类包含当前序号信息，如是否第一个或最后一个，是否为奇数序号。这些信息在我们做格式化的时候，显得非常有用。
-->
< ol >
< s:iterator value ="#request.names" status ="stuts" >
< s:if test ="#stuts.odd == true" >
< li > White < s:property /></ li >
</ s:if >
< s:else >
< li style ="background-color:gray" >< s:property /></ li >
</ s:else >
</ s:iterator >
</ ol >
</ body >
</ html > - i18n
描述：
加载资源包到值堆栈。它可以允许text标志访问任何资源包的信息，而不只当前action相关联的资源包。参数：
名称 必需 默认 类型 描述 value 是 Object/String 资源包的类路径（如com.xxxx.resources.AppMsg） id 否 Object/String 用来标识元素的id。在UI和表单中为HTML的id属性 例子：
HelloWorld = Hello Wrold!例3 classes/ ApplicationMessages.properties
<% @ page contentType = " text/html; charset=UTF-8 " %>例3 i18n.jsp
<% @ taglib prefix = " s " uri = " /struts-tags " %>
<! DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" >
< html >
< head >
< title > Internationization </ title >
</ head >
< body >
< h3 >
< s:i18n name ="ApplicationMessages" >
< s:text name ="HelloWorld" />
</ s:i18n >
</ h3 >
</ body >
</ html > - include
描述：
包含一个servlet的输出（servlet或jsp的页面）。参数：
名称 必需 默认 类型 描述 value 是 String 要包含的jsp或servlet id 否 Object/String 用来标识元素的id。在UI和表单中为HTML的id属性 例子：
<% @ page contentType = " text/html; charset=UTF-8 " %>例4 include.jsp
<% @ taglib prefix = " s " uri = " /struts-tags " %>
<! DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" >
< html >
< head >
< title > Iterator </ title >
</ head >
< body >
< h3 > Interator Page </ h3 >
< s:include value ="/condition.jsp" >
< s:param name ="name" > Max </ s:param >
</ s:include >
< h3 > i18n </ h3 >
< s:include value ="/i18n.jsp" />
</ body >
</ html > - param
描述：
为其他标签提供参数,比如include标签和bean标签. 参数的name属性是可选的,如果提供，会调用Component的方法addParameter(String, Object), 如果不提供，则外层嵌套标签必须实现UnnamedParametric接口(如TextTag)。 value的提供有两种方式,通过value属性或者标签中间的text,不同之处我们看一下例子:
< param name = "color" > blue </ param > <!-- (A) -->
< param name = "color" value = "blue" /> <!-- (B) -->
(A)参数值会以String的格式放入statck.
(B)该值会以java.lang.Object的格式放入statck.参数：
名称 必需 默认 类型 描述 name 否 String 参数名 value 否 String value表达式 id 否 Object/String 用来标识元素的id。在UI和表单中为HTML的id属性 例子：
请参考例4。 - set
描述：
set标签赋予变量一个特定范围内的值。当希望给一个变量赋一个复杂的表达式,每次访问该变量而不是复杂的表达式时用到。其在两种情况下非常有用: 复杂的表达式很耗时 (性能提升) 或者很难理解 (代码可读性提高)。参数：
名称 必需 默认 类型 描述 name 是 String 变量名字 scope 否 String 变量作用域,可以为application, session, request, page, 或action. value 否 Object/String 将会赋给变量的值 id 否 Object/String 用来标识元素的id。在UI和表单中为HTML的id属性 例子：
请参考例1。 - text
描述：
支持国际化信息的标签。国际化信息必须放在一个和当前action同名的resource bundle中,如果没有找到相应message,tag body将被当作默认message,如果没有tag body,message的name会被作为默认message。参数：
名称 必需 默认 类型 描述 name 是 String 资源属性的名字 id 否 Object/String 用来标识元素的id。在UI和表单中为HTML的id属性 例子：
请参考例3。 - url
描述：
该标签用于创建url,可以通过"param"标签提供request参数。 当includeParams的值时'all'或者'get', param标签中定义的参数将有优先权,也就是说其会覆盖其他同名参数的值。 参数： 略
例子：
<% @ page contentType = " text/html; charset=UTF-8 " %>例5 url.jsp
<% @ taglib prefix = " s " uri = " /struts-tags " %>
<! DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" >
< html >
< head >
< title > URL </ title >
</ head >
< body >
< h3 > URL </ h3 >
< a href ='<s:url value ="/i18n.jsp" /> '>i18n </ a >< br />
< s:url id ="url" value ="/condition.jsp" >
< s:param name ="name" > Max </ s:param >
</ s:url >
< s:a href ="%{url}" > if/elseif/else </ s:a >
</ body >
</ html > - property
描述：
得到'value'的属性,如果value没提供,默认为堆栈顶端的元素。参数：
名称 必需 默认 类型 描述 default 否 String 如果属性是null则显示的default值 escape 否 true Booelean 是否escape HTML value 否 栈顶 Object 要显示的值 id 否 Object/String 用来标识元素的id。在UI和表单中为HTML的id属性 例子：
请参考例2。
- if、elseif和else
- UI标志
UI标志又可以分为表单UI和非表单UI两部分。表单UI部分基本与Struts 1.x相同，都是对HTML表单元素的包装。不过，Struts 2.0加了几个我们经常在项目中用到的控件如：datepicker、doubleselect、timepicker、optiontransferselect等。因为这些标志很多都经常用到，而且参数也很多，要在一篇文章详细说明并非易事。
需要深入了解这些标志的朋友，可以到以下查看以下网址：
http://wiki.javascud.org/display/ww2cndoc/Tags WebWork2文档中文化计划（中文）
http://cwiki.apache.org/WW/tag-reference.html Tag Developers Guide（英文）
本文有相当的内容也来自这两处。在此，我虽然不能够详细讲述这些标志，但是可以与大家分享一个来Struts 2.0 Show Case一个例子。
例6 org.apache.struts2.showcase.UITagExample.java
/**/
/*
* $Id: UITagExample.java 420385 2006-07-10 00:57:05Z mrdon $
*
* Copyright 2006 The Apache Software Foundation.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package
org.apache.struts2.showcase;
import
org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext;
import
com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport;
import
com.opensymphony.xwork2.Validateable;
import
com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.OgnlValueStack;
import
java.util.ArrayList;
import
java.util.Collections;
import
java.util.Date;
import
java.util.HashMap;
import
java.util.List;
import
java.util.Map;
import
java.io.File;
/** */
/**
*/
public
class
UITagExample
extends
ActionSupport
implements
Validateable
{
private static final long serialVersionUID = - 94044809860988047L ;
String name;
Date birthday;
String bio;
String favoriteColor;
List friends;
boolean legalAge;
String state;
String region;
File picture;
String pictureContentType;
String pictureFileName;
String favouriteLanguage;
String favouriteVehicalType = " MotorcycleKey " ;
String favouriteVehicalSpecific = " YamahaKey " ;
List leftSideCartoonCharacters;
List rightSideCartoonCharacters;
List favouriteLanguages = new ArrayList();
List vehicalTypeList = new ArrayList();
Map vehicalSpecificMap = new HashMap();
String thoughts;
public UITagExample() {
favouriteLanguages.add( new Language( " EnglishKey " , " English Language " ));
favouriteLanguages.add( new Language( " FrenchKey " , " French Language " ));
favouriteLanguages.add( new Language( " SpanishKey " , " Spanish Language " ));
VehicalType car = new VehicalType( " CarKey " , " Car " );
VehicalType motorcycle = new VehicalType( " MotorcycleKey " , " Motorcycle " );
vehicalTypeList.add(car);
vehicalTypeList.add(motorcycle);
List cars = new ArrayList();
cars.add( new VehicalSpecific( " MercedesKey " , " Mercedes " ));
cars.add( new VehicalSpecific( " HondaKey " , " Honda " ));
cars.add( new VehicalSpecific( " FordKey " , " Ford " ));
List motorcycles = new ArrayList();
motorcycles.add( new VehicalSpecific( " SuzukiKey " , " Suzuki " ));
motorcycles.add( new VehicalSpecific( " YamahaKey " , " Yamaha " ));
vehicalSpecificMap.put(car, cars);
vehicalSpecificMap.put(motorcycle, motorcycles);
}
public List getLeftSideCartoonCharacters() {
return leftSideCartoonCharacters;
}
public void setLeftSideCartoonCharacters(List leftSideCartoonCharacters) {
this .leftSideCartoonCharacters = leftSideCartoonCharacters;
}
public List getRightSideCartoonCharacters() {
return rightSideCartoonCharacters;
}
public void setRightSideCartoonCharacters(List rightSideCartoonCharacters) {
this .rightSideCartoonCharacters = rightSideCartoonCharacters;
}
public String getFavouriteVehicalType() {
return favouriteVehicalType;
}
public void setFavouriteVehicalType(String favouriteVehicalType) {
this .favouriteVehicalType = favouriteVehicalType;
}
public String getFavouriteVehicalSpecific() {
return favouriteVehicalSpecific;
}
public void setFavouriteVehicalSpecific(String favouriteVehicalSpecific) {
this .favouriteVehicalSpecific = favouriteVehicalSpecific;
}
public List getVehicalTypeList() {
return vehicalTypeList;
}
public List getVehicalSpecificList() {
OgnlValueStack stack = ServletActionContext.getValueStack(ServletActionContext.getRequest());
Object vehicalType = stack.findValue( " top " );
if (vehicalType != null && vehicalType instanceof VehicalType) {
List l = (List) vehicalSpecificMap.get(vehicalType);
return l;
}
return Collections.EMPTY_LIST;
}
public List getFavouriteLanguages() {
return favouriteLanguages;
}
public String execute() throws Exception {
return SUCCESS;
}
/**/ /* Getters and Setters */
public String doSubmit() {
return SUCCESS;
}
// === inner class
public static class Language {
String description;
String key;
public Language(String key, String description) {
this .key = key;
this .description = description;
}
public String getKey() {
return key;
}
public String getDescription() {
return description;
}
}
public static class VehicalType {
String key;
String description;
public VehicalType(String key, String description) {
this .key = key;
this .description = description;
}
public String getKey() { return this .key; }
public String getDescription() { return this .description; }
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if ( ! (obj instanceof VehicalType)) {
return false ;
}
else {
return key.equals(((VehicalType)obj).getKey());
}
}
public int hashCode() {
return key.hashCode();
}
}
public static class VehicalSpecific {
String key;
String description;
public VehicalSpecific(String key, String description) {
this .key = key;
this .description = description;
}
public String getKey() { return this .key; }
public String getDescription() { return this .description; }
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if ( ! (obj instanceof VehicalSpecific)) {
return false ;
}
else {
return key.equals(((VehicalSpecific)obj).getKey());
}
}
public int hashCode() {
return key.hashCode();
}
}
}
<% @ page contentType = " text/html; charset=UTF-8 " pageEncoding = " UTF-8 " %>例6 example.jsp
<% @ taglib prefix = " s " uri = " /struts-tags " %>
< html >
< head >
< title > UI Tags Example </ title >
< s:head />
</ head >
< body >
< s:actionerror />
< s:actionmessage />
< s:fielderror />
< s:form action ="exampleSubmit" method ="post" enctype ="multipart/form-data" tooltipConfig ="#{'jsTooltipEnabled':'true'}" >
< s:textfield
label ="Name"
name ="name"
tooltip ="Enter your Name here" />
< s:datepicker
tooltip ="Select Your Birthday"
label ="Birthday"
name ="birthday" />
< s:textarea
tooltip ="Enter your Biography"
label ="Biograph"
name ="bio"
cols ="20"
rows ="3" />
< s:select
tooltip ="Choose Your Favourite Color"
label ="Favorite Color"
list ="{'Red', 'Blue', 'Green'}"
name ="favoriteColor"
emptyOption ="true"
headerKey ="None"
headerValue ="None" />
< s:select
tooltip ="Choose Your Favourite Language"
label ="Favourite Language"
list ="favouriteLanguages"
name ="favouriteLanguage"
listKey ="key"
listValue ="description"
emptyOption ="true"
headerKey ="None"
headerValue ="None" />
< s:checkboxlist
tooltip ="Choose your Friends"
label ="Friends"
list ="{'Patrick', 'Jason', 'Jay', 'Toby', 'Rene'}"
name ="friends" />
< s:checkbox
tooltip ="Confirmed that your are Over 18"
label ="Age 18+"
name ="legalAge" />
< s:doubleselect
tooltip ="Choose Your State"
label ="State"
name ="region" list ="{'North', 'South'}"
value ="'South'"
doubleValue ="'Florida'"
doubleList ="top == 'North' ? {'Oregon', 'Washington'} : {'Texas', 'Florida'}"
doubleName ="state"
headerKey ="-1"
headerValue ="---------- Please Select ----------"
emptyOption ="true" />
< s:doubleselect
tooltip ="Choose your Vehical"
label ="Favourite Vehical"
name ="favouriteVehicalType"
list ="vehicalTypeList"
listKey ="key"
listValue ="description"
value ="'MotorcycleKey'"
doubleValue ="'YamahaKey'"
doubleList ="vehicalSpecificList"
doubleListKey ="key"
doubleListValue ="description"
doubleName ="favouriteVehicalSpecific" headerKey ="-1"
headerValue ="---------- Please Select ----------"
emptyOption ="true" />
< s:file
tooltip ="Upload Your Picture"
label ="Picture"
name ="picture" />
< s:optiontransferselect
tooltip ="Select Your Favourite Cartoon Characters"
label ="Favourite Cartoons Characters"
name ="leftSideCartoonCharacters"
leftTitle ="Left Title"
rightTitle ="Right Title"
list ="{'Popeye', 'He-Man', 'Spiderman'}"
multiple ="true"
headerKey ="headerKey"
headerValue ="--- Please Select ---"
emptyOption ="true"
doubleList ="{'Superman', 'Mickey Mouse', 'Donald Duck'}"
doubleName ="rightSideCartoonCharacters"
doubleHeaderKey ="doubleHeaderKey"
doubleHeaderValue ="--- Please Select ---"
doubleEmptyOption ="true"
doubleMultiple ="true" />
< s:textarea
label ="Your Thougths"
name ="thoughts"
tooltip ="Enter your thoughts here" />
< s:submit onclick ="alert('aaaa');" />
< s:reset onclick ="alert('bbbb');" />
</ s:form >
</ body >
</ html >
< action name ="example" class ="org.apache.struts2.showcase.UITagExample" >例6 struts.xml代码片段
< result > example.jsp </ result >
< result name ="input" > example.jsp </ result >
</ action >
文章来源：http://www.blogjava.net/max/archive/2006/10/18/75857.html
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