管理后台-后端-Python篇

python下的开发框架挺多，Django,Tornado,Flask…,我们选用了Django来做演示是因为Django的restful框架-djangorestframework开发RestfulAPI足够简单成熟。目前Django的最新版本为1.9，而Django从1.7开始已经对Python的最低版本要求到2.7以上了，虽然官方推荐使用Python3，但笔者还是建议使用2.7，因为很多python下的轮子都不是很支持Python3，例如Twisted(Python的网络开发框架)也是最近才开始支持Python3。

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我们先搭建基础环境

• 软件环境：
  Python 2.7
  Django 1.7以上
  djangorestframework
  django-cors-headers

我们创建一个Centos6.6的虚拟机，这里做一个小笔记，关于VisualBox如何快速克隆Centos虚拟机：
1.复制虚拟电脑弹出框，勾选重新初始化所有网卡的MAC地址
2.将/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules中的eth1 MAC地址覆盖到/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0中的HWADDR,修改DEVICE=eth1
3.重启网络 /etc/init.d/network restart

centos默认的python是2.6的，我们需要下载2.7源码覆盖安装

> yum install -y wget gcc sqlite-devel openssl-devel zlib-devel
> cd /tmp/
> wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/2.7.10/Python-2.7.10.tgz
> tar -xf Python-2.7.10.tgz 
> cd Python-2.7.10
> ./configure
> make
> make install
> wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py -O - | sudo /usr/local/bin/python
> easy_install django
> easy_install djangorestframework
> easy_install django-cors-headers

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创建项目

> django-admin startproject RestfulProject
> cd RestfulProject
> python manage.py startapp database

将database加入到INSTALLED_APPS

# RestfulProject/settings.py
INSTALLED_APPS = (
    ...
    "database",
    ...
)

数据库建模

# database/models.py
from django.db import models
from django.utils import timezone

class News(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    content = models.TextField(blank=True)
    create_time = models.DateTimeField(default=timezone.now)

将News加入到django的后台自动化管理django-admin中

# database/admin.py
from django.contrib import admin
from .models import *
admin.site.register(News)

数据库初始化

> python manage.py makemigrations database
> python manage.py migrate
> python manage.py createsuperuser

一个Django的基础项目即完成，我们跑起来，看看

> python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8000

---

我们用djangorestframework来构建最简单的CRUD

# RestfulProject/settings.py
INSTALLED_APPS = (
    ...
    'rest_framework',
)

# RestfulProject/views.py
from rest_framework import serializers,viewsets
from database.models import News

class NewsSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = News
class NewsViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
    serializer_class = NewsSerializer
    queryset = News.objects.all()

# RestfulProject/urls.py
...
from django.conf.urls import include
from rest_framework import routers
from RestfulProject.views import NewsViewSet

router = routers.DefaultRouter()
router.register(r'news', NewsViewSet,base_name='news')

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^', include(router.urls)),
    ...
]

我们可以使用postman来测试我们写好的接口，但是djangorestframework本身集成了webapi的在线浏览功能，可以更方便的测试

---

我们来整合BasicAuth验证功能，djangorestframework的默认验证是使用django自带的session验证，我们首先来看看默认的验证是怎样的

# RestfulProject/views.py
from rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated
class NewsViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
    ...
    permission_classes = (IsAuthenticated,)

我们再访问这个接口将返回403错误

我们来将默认认证换成BasicAuth

# RestfulProject/settings.py
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES': [
        'rest_framework.authentication.BasicAuthentication',
    ],
}

再访问这个接口将返回401错误，浏览器根据该错误将弹出认证界面

---

按照制定的接口文档，我们再补全一个认证接口给客户端登录使用

# RestfulProject/views.py
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response

class UserViewSet(APIView):
    permission_classes = (IsAuthenticated,)
    def get(self, request):
        content = {
            'userid':request.user.id,
            'username':request.user.username,
        }
        return Response(content)

# RestfulProject/urls.py
from RestfulProject.views import UserViewSet

urlpatterns = [
    ...
    url(r'^auth/info/$', UserViewSet.as_view()),
]

---

书写扩展的协议-批量删除
编辑RestfulProject/views.py

# RestfulProject/views.py
from rest_framework.decorators import list_route
from rest_framework import status

class NewsViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
    ...
    @list_route(methods=['delete',])
    def deletes(self, request, **kwargs):
        ids = request.GET['ids'].split(',')
        News.objects.filter(id__in=ids).delete()
        return Response(status=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT)

---

书写扩展协议-搜索

# RestfulProject/views.py
class NewsViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
    serializer_class = NewsSerializer
    permission_classes = (IsAuthenticated,)
    #queryset = News.objects.all()
    def get_queryset(self):
        if not 'search' in self.request.GET:
            ft = News.objects.all()
        else:
            ft = News.objects.filter(title__contains=self.request.GET['search'])
        return ft.order_by('-create_time')

---

书写扩展协议-分页

# RestfulProject/pagination.py
from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination
from rest_framework.response import Response
from collections import OrderedDict

class StandardResultsSetPagination(PageNumberPagination):
    page_size = 50
    page_size_query_param = 'page_size'
    max_page_size = 1000
    def get_paginated_response(self, data):
        return Response(OrderedDict([
            ('total_count', self.page.paginator.count),
            ('page_count',self.page.paginator.num_pages),
            ('next', self.get_next_link()),
            ('previous', self.get_previous_link()),
            ('results', data)
        ]))

# RestfulProject/settings.py
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    ...
    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'RestfulProject.pagination.StandardResultsSetPagination',
}

---

后端基本完成了，还剩下最后一个问题CORS，我们在本地写一个简单的jquery

<script src="http://libs.baidu.com/jquery/2.1.4/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script>
$.get("http://172.17.9.177:8000/news/");
</script>

在chrome里面调试一下会出现如下错误

XMLHttpRequest cannot load http://172.17.9.177:8000/news/. No 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' header is present on the requested resource. Origin 'null' is therefore not allowed access. The response had HTTP status code 401.

我们用django-cors-headers来解决这个问题：

# RestfulProject/settings.py
INSTALLED_APPS = (
    ...
    'corsheaders',
    ...
)

将cors中间件放置在django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware之前

# RestfulProject/settings.py
MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = (
    ...
    'corsheaders.middleware.CorsMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    ...
)

设置任意网址的跨域请求都被服务器接受

# RestfulProject/settings.py
CORS_ORIGIN_ALLOW_ALL = True

再次用jquery测试，之前那个错误将不再出现。

此文数据库模型、协议的定义参见用Angular搭建管理后台