【LeetCode从零单刷】Game of Life

题目：

According to the Wikipedia's article: "The Game of Life, also known simply asLife, is a cellular automaton devised by the British mathematician John Horton Conway in 1970."

Given a board with m by n cells, each cell has an initial statelive (1) or dead (0). Each cell interacts with its eight neighbors (horizontal, vertical, diagonal) using the following four rules (taken from the above Wikipedia article):

1. Any live cell with fewer than two live neighbors dies, as if caused by under-population.
2. Any live cell with two or three live neighbors lives on to the next generation.
3. Any live cell with more than three live neighbors dies, as if by over-population..
4. Any dead cell with exactly three live neighbors becomes a live cell, as if by reproduction.

Write a function to compute the next state (after one update) of the board given its current state.

Follow up:

1. Could you solve it in-place? Remember that the board needs to be updated at the same time: You cannot update some cells first and then use their updated values to update other cells.
2. In this question, we represent the board using a 2D array. In principle, the board is infinite, which would cause problems when the active area encroaches the border of the array. How would you address these problems?

解答：

这道题的关键在于 in-place，只能开辟常数级别的新空间。因此现有的状态需要包含上个状态的信息，设计中间信息格式以求增加信息量。最后将中间信息格式解码成正常格式。是一种时间换空间的做法。

因此0，1两种状态不够，我们需要定义更多的状态：

• 0：0-》0
  
• 1：1-》1
• 2：0-》1
• 3：1-》0

除此之外，我还想特别说一个问题：邻域检测，尤其当不知道邻域元素个数的情况（图像处理中尤其常见）。

我以前比较笨的方法单独处理各种情况：角落元素、边界非角落元素、非边界元素……非常麻烦而且容易错。

正确的处理方法：循环访问，但是循环范围起始点可变。每次计算 minrow~maxrow，mincol~maxcol。注意：请不要计算该元素自身。

class Solution {
public:

    int next(int i, int j, vector<vector<int>> board, int cur)
    {
        int rowsize = board.size();
        int colsize = board[0].size();
        
        int minrow = i > 0 ? (i-1) : 0;
        int maxrow = i < rowsize - 1 ? (i+1) : (rowsize-1);
        int mincol = j > 0 ? (j-1) : 0;
        int maxcol = j < colsize - 1 ? (j+1) : (colsize-1);
        
        int neighborlive = 0;
        for(int a = minrow; a <= maxrow; a++){
            for(int b = mincol; b <= maxcol; b++){
                if(a == i && b == j)	continue;
                if(board[a][b] == 1 || board[a][b] == 3) neighborlive++;
            }
        }
        
        if(cur == 1){
            if(neighborlive < 2 || neighborlive > 3) return 3;
            else return 1;
        }
        else{
            if(neighborlive ==3) return 2;
            else return 0;
        }
    }

    void gameOfLife(vector<vector<int>>& board) {
        int rowsize = board.size();
        int colsize = board[0].size();
        
        // encoding
        for(int i = 0; i< rowsize; i++){
            for(int j = 0; j< colsize; j++){
                board[i][j] = next(i, j, board, board[i][j]);
            }
        }
        
        // decoding
        for(int i = 0; i< rowsize; i++){
            for(int j = 0; j< colsize; j++){
                if (board[i][j] == 3) board[i][j] = 0;
                if (board[i][j] == 2) board[i][j] = 1;
            }
        }
    }
};