ORACLE绑定变量BIND PEEKING

ORACLE 在9i之后引入了bind peeking,通过bind peeking,oracle可以在硬解析的时候窥探绑定变量的值,并根据当前绑定变量的值生成执行计划。在oracle 9i之前的版本中,oracle仅仅通过统计信息来生成执行计划。

下面看一下不同版本oracle下绑定变量对执行计划的影响

SQL> alter system flush shared_pool;

系统已更改。

SQL> alter system set optimizer_features_enable='8.1.7';

系统已更改。

SQL> var v number;
SQL> exec :v := 1;

PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。

SQL> select count(*) from acs_test_tab where record_type = :v;

  COUNT(*)
----------
	 1

SQL> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display_cursor(null,null,'advanced'));

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SQL_ID	3rg5r8sghcvb3, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select count(*) from acs_test_tab where record_type = :v

Plan hash value: 2956728990

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation	  | Name		       | Rows  | Bytes | Cost  |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT  |			       |       |       |     3 |
|   1 |  SORT AGGREGATE   |			       |     1 |     4 |       |
|*  2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN| ACS_TEST_TAB_RECORD_TYPE_I |     2 |     8 |     3 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("RECORD_TYPE"=:V)


已选择47行。

SQL> alter system flush shared_pool;

系统已更改。

SQL> alter system set optimizer_features_enable='11.2.0.3.1';

系统已更改。

SQL> var v number;
SQL> exec :v := 1;

PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。

SQL> select count(*) from acs_test_tab where record_type = :v;

  COUNT(*)
----------
	 1

SQL> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display_cursor(null,null,'advanced'));

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SQL_ID	3rg5r8sghcvb3, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select count(*) from acs_test_tab where record_type = :v

Plan hash value: 2956728990

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation	  | Name		       | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT  |			       |       |       |     3 (100)|	       |
|   1 |  SORT AGGREGATE   |			       |     1 |     4 |	    |	       |
|*  2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN| ACS_TEST_TAB_RECORD_TYPE_I |     1 |     4 |     3	 (0)| 00:00:01 |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Peeked Binds (identified by position):
--------------------------------------

   1 - :V (NUMBER): 1  --绑定变量窥探

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("RECORD_TYPE"=:V)


已选择49行。

SQL> alter system flush shared_pool;

系统已更改。

SQL> exec :v := 2;

PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。

SQL> select count(*) from acs_test_tab where record_type = :v;

  COUNT(*)
----------
     50000

SQL> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display_cursor(null,null,'advanced'));

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SQL_ID	3rg5r8sghcvb3, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select count(*) from acs_test_tab where record_type = :v

Plan hash value: 2957754476

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation	      | Name			   | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time	   |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT      | 			   |	   |	   |   136 (100)|	   |
|   1 |  SORT AGGREGATE       | 			   |	 1 |	 4 |		|	   |
|*  2 |   INDEX FAST FULL SCAN| ACS_TEST_TAB_RECORD_TYPE_I | 48031 |   187K|   136   (1)| 00:00:02 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Peeked Binds (identified by position):
--------------------------------------

   1 - :V (NUMBER): 2  --绑定变量窥探,绑定变量会影响最初硬解析的执行计划

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   2 - filter("RECORD_TYPE"=:V)


已选择49行。

使用绑定变量窥测的好处是:可以帮助优化器在第一次硬解析时选择最优的执行计划。但是同时这也是其弊端:在第一次硬解析后,后面发生的所有解析都会使用第一次硬解析生成的执行计划,如果数据的分布是均匀的,问题不大,如果数据分布式倾斜的,那么第一次硬解析生成的执行计划未必是最优的,甚至可能是非常糟糕的。例如:

SQL> show parameter optimizer_feat

NAME				     TYPE	 VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
optimizer_features_enable	     string	 11.2.0.3.1
SQL> alter system flush shared_pool;

系统已更改。

SQL> var v number;
SQL> exec :v := 2;

PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。

SQL> select count(*) from acs_test_tab where record_type = :v;

  COUNT(*)
----------
     50000

SQL> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display_cursor);

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SQL_ID	3rg5r8sghcvb3, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select count(*) from acs_test_tab where record_type = :v

Plan hash value: 2957754476

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation	      | Name			   | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time	   |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT      | 			   |	   |	   |   136 (100)|	   |
|   1 |  SORT AGGREGATE       | 			   |	 1 |	 4 |		|	   |
|*  2 |   INDEX FAST FULL SCAN| ACS_TEST_TAB_RECORD_TYPE_I | 48031 |   187K|   136   (1)| 00:00:02 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   2 - filter("RECORD_TYPE"=:V)


已选择19行。

SQL> exec :v := 1

PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。

SQL> select count(*) from acs_test_tab where record_type = :v;

  COUNT(*)
----------
	 1

SQL> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display_cursor);

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SQL_ID	3rg5r8sghcvb3, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select count(*) from acs_test_tab where record_type = :v

Plan hash value: 2957754476

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation	      | Name			   | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time	   |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT      | 			   |	   |	   |   136 (100)|	   |
|   1 |  SORT AGGREGATE       | 			   |	 1 |	 4 |		|	   |
|*  2 |   INDEX FAST FULL SCAN| ACS_TEST_TAB_RECORD_TYPE_I | 48031 |   187K|   136   (1)| 00:00:02 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   2 - filter("RECORD_TYPE"=:V)


已选择19行。

SQL> select count(*) from acs_test_tab where record_type = 1;

  COUNT(*)
----------
	 1

SQL> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display_cursor);

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SQL_ID	1pxm87f6yd0bp, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select count(*) from acs_test_tab where record_type = 1

Plan hash value: 2956728990

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation	  | Name		       | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT  |			       |       |       |     3 (100)|	       |
|   1 |  SORT AGGREGATE   |			       |     1 |     4 |	    |	       |
|*  2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN| ACS_TEST_TAB_RECORD_TYPE_I |     1 |     4 |     3	 (0)| 00:00:01 |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("RECORD_TYPE"=1)


已选择19行。

对于变量v的取值为1的执行计划和采用常量1的执行计划性能差距还是比较大的。


总结:oracle在9i后引入变量窥测技术,该技术对于数据分布均匀的数据是非常合适的,但是对于分布倾斜的数据或者在OLAP系统中是不建议使用的。


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