OC转Swift之基础篇（四）--协议&扩展

//协议

protocol Named {

    var name:String{ get set } //定义实例属性

    static var className:String{ get }

    init(name:String) //定义构造方法

    func showName() //定义实例方法

    static func showClassName() //定义类方法

}

protocol Scored {

    var score:Double{ get set }

}

//Users遵循Named协议

class Users: Named {

    var name: String

    var age:Int = 0

    static var className: String{

        return "\(self)"

    }

    //协议中规定的构造方法，必须使用required关键字声明

    required init(name:String) {

        self.name = name

    }

    //遵循showName方法

    func showName() {

        print("Name=\(name)")

    }

    //遵循showClassName方法

    static func showClassName() {

        print("ClassName is \(self)")

    }

}

//Pupil继承Users并且遵循Scored

//遵循多个协议用，隔开

class Pupil: Users,Scored {

    var score: Double = 0.0

    //自定义构造方法

    init(name:String,score:Double) {

        self.score = score

        super.init(name: name)

    }

    //实现协议中的构造方法

    required init(name:String) {

        super.init(name: name)

    }

    func test() {

        print("\(self.name) is testing.")

    }

}

//使用示例

let user = Users.init(name: "Jonny")

        user.showName() //结果：Name=Jonny

        print("ClassName = \(Users.className)")  //结果：ClassName = Users

        Users.showClassName() //结果：ClassName is Users

        user.age = 25

//pupil声明为Named类型，调用test()方法时会报错

        let pupil:Named = Pupil.init(name: "Jenny", score: 59)

        pupil.showName() //结果：Name=Jenny

//函数中要求参数p必须实现两个协议

        func showMessage(p:Named&Scored){

            print("Name is \(p.name), score is \(p.score).") 

        }

        let pupil1 = Pupil.init(name: "Jenny", score: 59)

        showMessage(p: pupil1) //结果：Name is Jenny, score is 59.0.

        let b1 = pupil is Scored //检测pupil是否遵循Scored协议

        if b1 {

            print("Yes")

        }

//类型转化

        if let pupil2 = pupil as? Scored {//如果pupil转化成了Scored类型，则返回实例，否则为nil

            print("pupil2' score is \(pupil2.score)") //结果：pupil2' score is 59.0

        }

        let pupil3 = pupil as! Scored //强制转化，转化失败则会报错

        print("pupil3' score is \(pupil3.score)") //结果：pupil3' score is 59.0

//扩展

//已上篇的Person类为例

extension Person{

    //只能扩展便利构造方法

    convenience init(age:Int) {

        self.init(firstName:"",lastName:"",age:age)

    }

    //只能扩展计算属性，不能扩展存储属性

    var personInfo:String{

        return "firstName=\(firstName),lastName=\(lastName),age=\(age)."

    } 

    //扩展实例方法

    func sayHello() {

        print("Hello world!")

    }

    //嵌套类型

    enum SkinColor {

        case yellow,white,black

    }

    //声明返回值可以不被引用

    @discardableResult

    //扩展类型方法

    static func Skin()->[SkinColor]{

        return [.yellow,.white,.black]

    }

}

//使用实例

let p = Person.init(age: 18)

        p.firstName = "Jenny"

        p.lastName = "Yang"

        print(p.personInfo) //结果：firstName=Jenny,lastName=Yang,age=18.

        p.sayHello() //结果：

Hello world!

        for skin in Person.Skin() {//数组遍历

            print("\(skin)") //结果：yellow、white、black

        }