MySQL安装(转)

最新推荐文章于 2024-01-03 15:51:03 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-01-03 15:51:03 发布

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1. 运行平台：CentOS 6.3 x86_64，基本等同于RHEL 6.3

2. 安装方法：

安装MySQL主要有两种方法：一种是通过源码自行编译安装，这种适合高级用户定制MySQL的特性，这里不做说明；另一种是通过编译过的二进制文件进行安装。二进制文件安装的方法又分为两种：一种是不针对特定平台的通用安装方法，使用的二进制文件是后缀为.tar.gz的压缩文件；第二种是使用RPM或其他包进行安装，这种安装进程会自动完成系统的相关配置，所以比较方便。

3. 下载安装包：

a. 官方下载地址：

http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/mysql/#downloads

或镜像文件下载：

http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/mirrors.html

2. 下载文件（根据操作系统选择相应的发布版本）：

a. 通用安装方法

mysql-5.5.29-linux2.6-x86_64.tar.gz

b. RPM安装方法：

MySQL-server-5.5.29-2.el6.x86_64.rpm

MySQL-client-5.5.29-2.el6.x86_64.rpm

4. 通用安装步骤

a. 检查是否已安装，grep的-i选项表示匹配时忽略大小写

[root@localhost JavaEE]#rpm -qa|grep -i mysql

mysql-libs-5.1.61-4.el6.x86_64

*可见已经安装了库文件，应该先卸载，不然会出现覆盖错误。注意卸:载时使用了–nodeps选项，忽略了依赖关系：

[root@localhost JavaEE]#rpm -e mysql-libs-5.1.61-4.el6.x86_64 –nodeps

b. 添加mysql组和mysql用户，用于设置mysql安装目录文件所有者和所属组。

[root@localhost JavaEE]#groupadd mysql

[root@localhost JavaEE]#useradd -r -g mysql mysql

*useradd -r参数表示mysql用户是系统用户，不可用于登录系统。

c. 将二进制文件解压到指定的安装目录，我们这里指定为/usr/local

[root@localhost ~]# cd/usr/local/

[root@localhost local]#tar zxvf /path/to/mysql-5.5.29-linux2.6-x86_64.tar.gz

*加压后在/usr/local/生成了解压后的文件夹mysql-5.5.29-linux2.6-x86_64，这名字太长，我们为它建立一个符号链接mysql，方便输入。

[root@localhost local]#ln -s mysql-5.5.29-linux2.6-x86_64 mysql

d. /usr/local/mysql/下的目录结构

Directory	Contents of Directory
bin	Client programs and the mysqld server
data	Log files, databases
docs	Manual in Info format
man	Unix manual pages
include	Include (header) files
lib	Libraries
scripts	mysql_install_db
share	Miscellaneous support files, including error messages, sample configuration files, SQL for database installation
sql-bench	Benchmarks

e. 进入mysql文件夹，也就是mysql所在的目录，并更改所属的组和用户。

[root@localhost local]#cd mysql

[root@localhost mysql]#chown -R mysql .

[root@localhost mysql]#chgrp -R mysql .

f. 执行mysql_install_db脚本，对mysql中的data目录进行初始化并创建一些系统表格。注意mysql服务进程mysqld运行时会访问data目录，所以必须由启动mysqld进程的用户（就是我们之前设置的mysql用户）执行这个脚本，或者用root执行，但是加上参数–user=mysql。

[root@localhost mysql]scripts/mysql_install_db –user=mysql

*如果mysql的安装目录（解压目录）不是/usr/local/mysql，那么还必须指定目录参数，如

[root@localhost mysql]scripts/mysql_install_db –user=mysql \

–basedir=/opt/mysql/mysql \

–datadir=/opt/mysql/mysql/data

*将mysql/目录下除了data/目录的所有文件，改回root用户所有，mysql用户只需作为mysql/data/目录下所有文件的所有者。

[root@localhost mysql]chown -R root .

[root@localhost mysql]chown -R mysql data

g. 复制配置文件

[root@localhost mysql] cp support-files/my-medium.cnf /etc/my.cnf

h. 将mysqld服务加入开机自启动项。

*首先需要将scripts/mysql.server服务脚本复制到/etc/init.d/，并重命名为mysqld。

[root@localhostmysql] cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld

*通过chkconfig命令将mysqld服务加入到自启动服务项中。

[root@localhost mysql]#chkconfig –add mysqld

*注意服务名称mysqld就是我们将mysql.server复制到/etc/init.d/时重命名的名称。

*查看是否添加成功

[root@localhost mysql]#chkconfig –list mysqld

mysqld 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off

i. 重启系统，mysqld就会自动启动了。

*检查是否启动

[root@localhost mysql]#netstat -anp|grep mysqld

tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:3306 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 2365/mysqld

unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 14396 2365/mysqld /tmp/mysql.sock

*如果不想重新启动，那可以直接手动启动。

[root@localhost mysql]#service mysqld start

Starting MySQL.. SUCCESS!

j. 运行客户端程序mysql，在mysql/bin目录中，测试能否连接到mysqld。

[root@localhost mysql]#/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql

Welcome to the MySQLmonitor. Commands end with ; or \g.

Your MySQL connection idis 2

Server version:5.5.29-log MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Oracle is a registeredtrademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may betrademarks of their respective owners.

Type ‘help;’ or ‘\h’ forhelp. Type ‘\c’ to clear the current input statement.

mysql> quit

Bye

*此时会出现mysql>命令提示符，可以输入sql语句，输入quit或exit退出。为了避免每次都输入mysql的全路径/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql，可将其加入环境变量中，在/etc/profile最后加入两行命令：

MYSQL_HOME=/usr/local/mysql

export PATH=$PATH:$MYSQL_HOME/bin

这样就可以在shell中直接输入mysql命令来启动客户端程序了

[root@localhost mysql]#mysql

Welcome to the MySQLmonitor. Commands end with ; or \g.

Your MySQL connection idis 3

Server version:5.5.29-log MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Oracle is a registeredtrademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its

affiliates. Other namesmay be trademarks of their respective

owners.

Type ‘help;’ or ‘\h’ forhelp. Type ‘\c’ to clear the current input statement.

mysql>

5. RPM安装步骤

a. 检查是否已安装，grep的-i选项表示匹配时忽略大小写

[root@localhost JavaEE]#rpm -qa|grep -i mysql

mysql-libs-5.1.61-4.el6.x86_64

可见已经安装了库文件，应该先卸载，不然会出现覆盖错误。注意卸载时使用了–nodeps选项，忽略了依赖关系：

[root@localhost JavaEE]#rpm -e mysql-libs-5.1.61-4.el6.x86_64 –nodeps

2. 安装MySQL的服务器端软件，注意切换到root用户：

[root@localhost JavaEE]#rpm -ivh MySQL-server-5.5.29-2.el6.x86_64.rpm

安装完成后，安装进程会在Linux中添加一个mysql组，以及属于mysql组的用户mysql。可通过id命令查看：

[root@localhost JavaEE]#id mysql

uid=496(mysql)gid=493(mysql) groups=493(mysql)

MySQL服务器安装之后虽然配置了相关文件，但并没有自动启动mysqld服务，需自行启动：

[root@localhost JavaEE]#service mysql start

Starting MySQL.. SUCCESS!

可通过检查端口是否开启来查看MySQL是否正常启动：

[root@localhost JavaEE]#netstat -anp|grep 3306

tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:3306 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 34693/mysqld

c. 安装MySQL的客户端软件：

[root@localhost JavaEE]#rpm -ivh MySQL-client-5.5.29-2.el6.x86_64.rpm

如果安装成功应该可以运行mysql命令，注意必须是mysqld服务以及开启：

[root@localhost JavaEE]#mysql

Welcome to the MySQLmonitor. Commands end with ; or \g.

Your MySQL connection idis 1

Server version: 5.5.29MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Oracle is a registered trademarkof Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks oftheir respective owners.

Type ‘help;’ or ‘\h’ forhelp. Type ‘\c’ to clear the current input statement.

mysql>

d. RPM安装方式文件分布

Directory	Contents of Directory
/usr/bin	Client programs and scripts
/usr/sbin	The mysqld server
/var/lib/mysql	Log files, databases
/usr/share/info	Manual in Info format
/usr/share/man	Unix manual pages
/usr/include/mysql	Include (header) files
/usr/lib/mysql	Libraries
/usr/share/mysql	Miscellaneous support files, including error messages, character set files, sample configuration files, SQL for database installation
/usr/share/sql-bench	Benchmarks

实践笔记：

MySQL5.7版本后，安装会稍有些不同

主要包含一下命令

shell> groupadd mysql
shell> useradd -r -g mysql -s /bin/false mysql
shell> cd /usr/local
shell> tar zxvf /path/to/mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.gz
shell> ln -s full-path-to-mysql-VERSION-OS mysql
shell> cd mysql
shell> mkdir mysql-files
shell> chmod 750 mysql-files
shell> chown -R mysql .
shell> chgrp -R mysql .
shell> bin/mysql_install_db --user=mysql    # Before MySQL 5.7.6
shell> bin/mysqld --initialize --user=mysql # MySQL 5.7.6 and up
shell> bin/mysql_ssl_rsa_setup              # MySQL 5.7.6 and up
shell> chown -R root .
shell> chown -R mysql data mysql-files
shell> bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &
# Next command is optional
shell> cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysql.server

将mysqld命令放到service中，

vim /etc/init.d/mysqld

# If you change base dir, you must also change datadir. These may get
# overwritten by settings in the MySQL configuration files.

basedir=/usr/local/mysql
datadir=/data/mysql

# Default value, in seconds, afterwhich the script should timeout waiting
# for server start. 
# Value here is overriden by value in my.cnf. 
# 0 means don't wait at all
# Negative numbers mean to wait indefinitely
service_startup_timeout=900

# Lock directory for RedHat / SuSE.
lockdir='/var/lock/subsys'
lock_file_path="$lockdir/mysql"

# The following variables are only set for letting mysql.server find things.

# Set some defaults
mysqld_pid_file_path=
if test -z "$basedir"
then
  basedir=/usr/local/mysql
  bindir=/usr/local/mysql/bin
  if test -z "$datadir"
  then
    datadir=/usr/local/mysql/data
  fi
  sbindir=/usr/local/mysql/bin
  libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin
else
  bindir="$basedir/bin"
  if test -z "$datadir"
  then
    datadir="$basedir/data"
  fi
  sbindir="$basedir/sbin"
  libexecdir="$basedir/libexec"
fi

# datadir_set is used to determine if datadir was set (and so should be
# *not* set inside of the --basedir= handler.)
datadir_set=

#
# Use LSB init script functions for printing messages, if possible
#
lsb_functions="/lib/lsb/init-functions"
if test -f $lsb_functions ; then
  . $lsb_functions
else
  log_success_msg()
  {
    echo " SUCCESS! $@"
  }
  log_failure_msg()
  {
    echo " ERROR! $@"
  }
fi

PATH="/sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin:$basedir/bin"
export PATH

mode=$1    # start or stop

[ $# -ge 1 ] && shift


other_args="$*"   # uncommon, but needed when called from an RPM upgrade action
           # Expected: "--skip-networking --skip-grant-tables"
           # They are not checked here, intentionally, as it is the resposibility
           # of the "spec" file author to give correct arguments only.

case `echo "testing\c"`,`echo -n testing` in
    *c*,-n*) echo_n=   echo_c=     ;;
    *c*,*)   echo_n=-n echo_c=     ;;
    *)       echo_n=   echo_c='\c' ;;
esac

parse_server_arguments() {
  for arg do
    case "$arg" in
      --basedir=*)  basedir=`echo "$arg" | sed -e 's/^[^=]*=//'`
                    bindir="$basedir/bin"
                    if test -z "$datadir_set"; then
                      datadir="$basedir/data"
                    fi
                    sbindir="$basedir/sbin"
                    libexecdir="$basedir/libexec"
        ;;
      --datadir=*)  datadir=`echo "$arg" | sed -e 's/^[^=]*=//'`
                    datadir_set=1
        ;;
      --pid-file=*) mysqld_pid_file_path=`echo "$arg" | sed -e 's/^[^=]*=//'` ;;
      --service-startup-timeout=*) service_startup_timeout=`echo "$arg" | sed -e 's/^[^=]*=//'` ;;
    esac
  done
}

wait_for_pid () {
  verb="$1"           # created | removed
  pid="$2"            # process ID of the program operating on the pid-file
  pid_file_path="$3" # path to the PID file.

  i=0
  avoid_race_condition="by checking again"

  while test $i -ne $service_startup_timeout ; do

    case "$verb" in
      'created')
        # wait for a PID-file to pop into existence.
        test -s "$pid_file_path" && i='' && break
        ;;
      'removed')
        # wait for this PID-file to disappear
        test ! -s "$pid_file_path" && i='' && break
        ;;
      *)
        echo "wait_for_pid () usage: wait_for_pid created|removed pid pid_file_path"
        exit 1
        ;;
    esac

    # if server isn't running, then pid-file will never be updated
    if test -n "$pid"; then
      if kill -0 "$pid" 2>/dev/null; then
        :  # the server still runs
      else
        # The server may have exited between the last pid-file check and now.  
        if test -n "$avoid_race_condition"; then
          avoid_race_condition=""
          continue  # Check again.
        fi

        # there's nothing that will affect the file.
        log_failure_msg "The server quit without updating PID file ($pid_file_path)."
        return 1  # not waiting any more.
      fi
    fi

    echo $echo_n ".$echo_c"
    i=`expr $i + 1`
    sleep 1

  done

  if test -z "$i" ; then
    log_success_msg
    return 0
  else
    log_failure_msg
    return 1
  fi
}

# Get arguments from the my.cnf file,
# the only group, which is read from now on is [mysqld]
if test -x ./bin/my_print_defaults
then
  print_defaults="./bin/my_print_defaults"
elif test -x $bindir/my_print_defaults
then
  print_defaults="$bindir/my_print_defaults"
elif test -x $bindir/mysql_print_defaults
then
  print_defaults="$bindir/mysql_print_defaults"
else
  # Try to find basedir in /etc/my.cnf
  conf=/etc/my.cnf
  print_defaults=
  if test -r $conf
  then
    subpat='^[^=]*basedir[^=]*=\(.*\)$'
    dirs=`sed -e "/$subpat/!d" -e 's//\1/' $conf`
    for d in $dirs
    do
      d=`echo $d | sed -e 's/[  ]//g'`
      if test -x "$d/bin/my_print_defaults"
      then
        print_defaults="$d/bin/my_print_defaults"
        break
      fi
      if test -x "$d/bin/mysql_print_defaults"
      then
        print_defaults="$d/bin/mysql_print_defaults"
        break
      fi
    done
  fi

  # Hope it's in the PATH ... but I doubt it
  test -z "$print_defaults" && print_defaults="my_print_defaults"
fi

#
# Read defaults file from 'basedir'.   If there is no defaults file there
# check if it's in the old (depricated) place (datadir) and read it from there
#

extra_args=""
if test -r "$basedir/my.cnf"
then
  extra_args="-e $basedir/my.cnf"
else
  if test -r "$datadir/my.cnf"
  then
    extra_args="-e $datadir/my.cnf"
  fi
fi

parse_server_arguments `$print_defaults $extra_args mysqld server mysql_server mysql.server`

#
# Set pid file if not given
#
if test -z "$mysqld_pid_file_path"
then
  mysqld_pid_file_path=$datadir/`hostname`.pid
else
  case "$mysqld_pid_file_path" in
    /* ) ;;
    * )  mysqld_pid_file_path="$datadir/$mysqld_pid_file_path" ;;
  esac
fi

case "$mode" in
  'start')
    # Start daemon

    # Safeguard (relative paths, core dumps..)
    cd $basedir

    echo $echo_n "Starting MySQL"
    if test -x $bindir/mysqld_safe
    then
      # Give extra arguments to mysqld with the my.cnf file. This script
      # may be overwritten at next upgrade.
      $bindir/mysqld_safe --datadir="$datadir" --pid-file="$mysqld_pid_file_path" $other_args >/dev/null 2>&1 &
      wait_for_pid created "$!" "$mysqld_pid_file_path"; return_value=$?

      # Make lock for RedHat / SuSE
      if test -w "$lockdir"
      then
        touch "$lock_file_path"
      fi

      exit $return_value
    else
      log_failure_msg "Couldn't find MySQL server ($bindir/mysqld_safe)"
    fi
    ;;

  'stop')
    # Stop daemon. We use a signal here to avoid having to know the
    # root password.

    if test -s "$mysqld_pid_file_path"
    then
      # signal mysqld_safe that it needs to stop
      touch "$mysqld_pid_file_path.shutdown"

      mysqld_pid=`cat "$mysqld_pid_file_path"`

      if (kill -0 $mysqld_pid 2>/dev/null)
      then
        echo $echo_n "Shutting down MySQL"
        kill $mysqld_pid
        # mysqld should remove the pid file when it exits, so wait for it.
        wait_for_pid removed "$mysqld_pid" "$mysqld_pid_file_path"; return_value=$?
      else
        log_failure_msg "MySQL server process #$mysqld_pid is not running!"
        rm "$mysqld_pid_file_path"
      fi

      # Delete lock for RedHat / SuSE
      if test -f "$lock_file_path"
      then
        rm -f "$lock_file_path"
      fi
      exit $return_value
    else
      log_failure_msg "MySQL server PID file could not be found!"
    fi
    ;;

  'restart')
    # Stop the service and regardless of whether it was
    # running or not, start it again.
    if $0 stop  $other_args; then
      $0 start $other_args
    else
      log_failure_msg "Failed to stop running server, so refusing to try to start."
      exit 1
    fi
    ;;

  'reload'|'force-reload')
    if test -s "$mysqld_pid_file_path" ; then
      read mysqld_pid <  "$mysqld_pid_file_path"
      kill -HUP $mysqld_pid && log_success_msg "Reloading service MySQL"
      touch "$mysqld_pid_file_path"
    else
      log_failure_msg "MySQL PID file could not be found!"
      exit 1
    fi
    ;;
  'status')
    # First, check to see if pid file exists
    if test -s "$mysqld_pid_file_path" ; then
      read mysqld_pid < "$mysqld_pid_file_path"
      if kill -0 $mysqld_pid 2>/dev/null ; then
        log_success_msg "MySQL running ($mysqld_pid)"
        exit 0
      else
        log_failure_msg "MySQL is not running, but PID file exists"
        exit 1
      fi
    else
      # Try to find appropriate mysqld process
      mysqld_pid=`pidof $libexecdir/mysqld`

      # test if multiple pids exist
      pid_count=`echo $mysqld_pid | wc -w`
      if test $pid_count -gt 1 ; then
        log_failure_msg "Multiple MySQL running but PID file could not be found ($mysqld_pid)"
        exit 5
      elif test -z $mysqld_pid ; then
        if test -f "$lock_file_path" ; then
          log_failure_msg "MySQL is not running, but lock file ($lock_file_path) exists"
          exit 2
        fi
        log_failure_msg "MySQL is not running"
        exit 3
      else
        log_failure_msg "MySQL is running but PID file could not be found"
        exit 4
      fi
    fi
    ;;
    *)
      # usage
      basename=`basename "$0"`
      echo "Usage: $basename  {start|stop|restart|reload|force-reload|status}  [ MySQL server options ]"
      exit 1
    ;;
esac

exit 0

初始化数据库时，会自动创建root帐号，密码在/root/.mysql_sercet

如果忘记密码，可以先修改my.ini，添加“mysql_grant_tables”，这样所有的帐号都可以不使用密码而直接登录。重启mysql后生效，service mysql restart