正则表达式的捕获组(capture group)在Java中的使用

捕获组分类

1. 普通捕获组(Expression)
2. 命名捕获组(?<name>Expression)

普通捕获组

从正则表达式左侧开始，每出现一个左括号“(”记做一个分组，分组编号从1开始。0代表整个表达式。

对于时间字符串：2017-04-25，表达式如下

(\\d{4})-((\\d{2})-(\\d{2}))

有4个左括号，所以有4个分组

编号	捕获组	匹配
0	(\d{4})-((\d{2})-(\d{2}))	2017-04-25
1	(\d{4})	2017
2	((\d{2})-(\d{2}))	04-25
3	(\d{2})	04
4	(\d{2})	25

public static final String DATE_STRING = "2017-04-25";
public static final String P_COMM = "(\\d{4})-((\\d{2})-(\\d{2}))";

Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(P_COMM);
Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(DATE_STRING);
matcher.find();//必须要有这句
System.out.printf("\nmatcher.group(0) value:%s", matcher.group(0));
System.out.printf("\nmatcher.group(1) value:%s", matcher.group(1));
System.out.printf("\nmatcher.group(2) value:%s", matcher.group(2));
System.out.printf("\nmatcher.group(3) value:%s", matcher.group(3));
System.out.printf("\nmatcher.group(4) value:%s", matcher.group(4));

命名捕获组

每个以左括号开始的捕获组，都紧跟着“?”，而后才是正则表达式。

对于时间字符串：2017-04-25，表达式如下

(?<year>\\d{4})-(?<md>(?<month>\\d{2})-(?<date>\\d{2}))

有4个命名的捕获组，分别是

编号	名称	捕获组	匹配
0	0	(?\d{4})-(?(?\d{2})-(?\d{2}))	2017-04-25
1	year	(?\d{4})-	2017
2	md	(?(?\d{2})-(?\d{2}))	04-25
3	month	(?\d{2})	04
4	date	(?\d{2})	25

命名的捕获组同样也可以使用编号获取相应值

public static final String P_NAMED = "(?<year>\\d{4})-(?<md>(?<month>\\d{2})-(?<date>\\d{2}))";
public static final String DATE_STRING = "2017-04-25";

Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(P_NAMED);
Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(DATE_STRING);
matcher.find();
System.out.printf("\n===========使用名称获取=============");
System.out.printf("\nmatcher.group(0) value:%s", matcher.group(0));
System.out.printf("\n matcher.group('year') value:%s", matcher.group("year"));
System.out.printf("\nmatcher.group('md') value:%s", matcher.group("md"));
System.out.printf("\nmatcher.group('month') value:%s", matcher.group("month"));
System.out.printf("\nmatcher.group('date') value:%s", matcher.group("date"));
matcher.reset();
System.out.printf("\n===========使用编号获取=============");
matcher.find();
System.out.printf("\nmatcher.group(0) value:%s", matcher.group(0));
System.out.printf("\nmatcher.group(1) value:%s", matcher.group(1));
System.out.printf("\nmatcher.group(2) value:%s", matcher.group(2));
System.out.printf("\nmatcher.group(3) value:%s", matcher.group(3));
System.out.printf("\nmatcher.group(4) value:%s", matcher.group(4));

PS:非捕获组

在左括号后紧跟“?:”，而后再加上正则表达式，构成非捕获组(?:Expression)。

对于时间字符串：2017-04-25，表达式如下

(?:\\d{4})-((\\d{2})-(\\d{2}))

这个正则表达式虽然有四个左括号，理论上有4个捕获组。但是第一组(?:\d{4})，其实是被忽略的。当使用matcher.group(4)时，系统会报错。

编号	捕获组	匹配
0	(\d{4})-((\d{2})-(\d{2}))	2017-04-25
1	((\d{2})-(\d{2}))	04-25
2	(\d{2})	04
3	(\d{2})	25

public static final String P_UNCAP = "(?:\\d{4})-((\\d{2})-(\\d{2}))";
public static final String DATE_STRING = "2017-04-25";

Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(P_UNCAP);
Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(DATE_STRING);
matcher.find();
System.out.printf("\nmatcher.group(0) value:%s", matcher.group(0));
System.out.printf("\nmatcher.group(1) value:%s", matcher.group(1));
System.out.printf("\nmatcher.group(2) value:%s", matcher.group(2));
System.out.printf("\nmatcher.group(3) value:%s", matcher.group(3));

// Exception in thread "main" java.lang.IndexOutOfBoundsException: No group 4
System.out.printf("\nmatcher.group(4) value:%s", matcher.group(4));

总结

1. 普通捕获组使用方便；
2. 命名捕获组使用清晰；
3. 非捕获组目前在项目中还没有用武之地。