/*
* main.c -- the bare scull char module
*
* 此代码为ldd3第三章字符设备驱动的例子,自己加了些注释;希望可以和更多有着同样兴趣的朋友们一块学习讨论。
* 哪有注释的不对的地方请发mail给我,或留言;
*
* author : liyangth@gmail.com
*
* date: 2007-04-17
*
* Note:注释的每一个关键的段都以[tag00]作了标签,大家可以按照tag的顺序阅读;
* e.g: 搜索 "Tag000"
*/
#include <linux/config.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/moduleparam.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h> /* printk() */
#include <linux/slab.h> /* kmalloc() */
#include <linux/fs.h> /* everything... */
#include <linux/errno.h> /* error codes */
#include <linux/types.h> /* size_t */
#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
#include <linux/fcntl.h> /* O_ACCMODE */
#include <linux/seq_file.h> /* seq_file used to debug */
#include <linux/cdev.h>
#include <asm/system.h> /* cli(), *_flags */
#include <asm/uaccess.h> /* copy_*_user */
#include "scull.h" /* local definitions */
/*
* Our parameters which can be set at load time.
*/
int scull_major = SCULL_MAJOR;
int scull_minor = 0;
int scull_nr_devs = SCULL_NR_DEVS; /* number of bare scull devices */
int scull_quantum = SCULL_QUANTUM;
int scull_qset = SCULL_QSET;
/*
* 模块参数,可在模块转载时赋值,很灵活方便;
* e.g:
* insmod scull.ko scull_major=111 scull_nr_devs=3 scull_quantum=1000
*
*[形参说明]
* 1 -- 变量名;
* 2 -- 变量类型;
* 3 -- sysfs入口项的访问许可掩码(一般用S_IRUGO就成);
*/
module_param(scull_major, int, S_IRUGO);
module_param(scull_nr_devs, int, S_IRUGO);
module_param(scull_quantum, int, S_IRUGO);
module_param(scull_qset, int, S_IRUGO);
MODULE_AUTHOR("Alessandro Rubini, Jonathan Corbet");
MODULE_LICENSE("Dual BSD/GPL");
struct scull_dev *scull_devices; /* allocated in scull_init_module */
/* Note: 不要把它理解成一个指向scull_dev结构的指针, 它其实是一个scull_dev结构数组,等待下面kmalloc分配多个我们scull设备空间 */
/*
* Empty out the scull device; 就像销毁链表,和理解如何编写一个字符驱动没有关系,可以不看;
*
* must be called with the device semaphore held. 要注意一下了,肯定是要同步的;
*
*/
int scull_trim(struct scull_dev *dev)
{
struct scull_qset *next, *dptr;
int qset = dev->qset; /* "dev" is not-null */
int i;
for (dptr = dev->data; dptr; dptr = next) { /* all the list items */
if (dptr->data) {
for (i = 0; i < qset; i++)
kfree(dptr->data[i]);
kfree(dptr->data);
dptr->data = NULL;
}
next = dptr->next;
kfree(dptr);
}
dev->size = 0;
dev->quantum = scull_quantum;
dev->qset = scull_qset;
dev->data = NULL;
return 0;
}
//Start: [Tag003] proc的实现,debug driver 的重要手段;
#ifdef SCULL_DEBUG /* use proc only if debugging */
//这个是老方法实现的proc,我们在这重点看新的方法的实现;
/*
* The proc filesystem: function to read and entry
*/
int scull_read_procmem(char *buf, char **start, off_t offset,
int count, int *eof, void *data)
{
int i, j, len = 0;
int limit = count - 80; /* Don't print more than this */
for (i = 0; i < scull_nr_devs && len <= limit; i++) {
struct scull_dev *d = &scull_devices[i];
struct scull_qset *qs = d->data;
if (down_interruptible(&d->sem))
return -ERESTARTSYS;
len += sprintf(buf+len," Device %i: qset %i, q %i, sz %li ",
i, d->qset, d->quantum, d->size);
for (; qs && len <= limit; qs = qs->next) { /* scan the list */
len += sprintf(buf + len, " item at %p, qset at %p ",
qs, qs->data);
if (qs->data && !qs->next) /* dump only the last item */
for (j = 0; j < d->qset; j++) {
if (qs->data[j])
len += sprintf(buf + len,
" % 4i: %8p ",
j, qs->data[j]);
}
}
up(&scull_devices[i].sem);
}
*eof = 1;
return len;
}
/*
* For now, the seq_file implementation will exist in parallel. The
* older read_procmem function should maybe go away, though.
*/
//下面的是用新方法实现的;
/*
* seq_file接口假定我们正在创建的虚拟文件要顺序
* 遍历一个项目序列,而这些项目正是必须要返回给用户空间的;
*
* 为使用seq_file,我们必须建立一个简单的"迭代器(iterator)"对象,该
* 对象用来表示项目序列中的位置,每前进一步,该对象输出序列
* 中的一个项目.
*
*/
/*下面 建立4个迭代器对象; */
/*
* <IN> struct seq_file *s :大多数情况可以忽略。
* <IN> loff_t *pos: 是一个整数的位置值,表明读取的位置;
* 因为seq_file的实现通常都要遍历一个项目序列,所以,
* 此位置通常被解释为指向下一个项目的游标(cursor);
*
*[Note]:
* 我们的这个驱动程序将每一个设备当作序列中的一个项目,
* 这样,pos我们就可以作为scull_devices数组的索引;
*/
static void *scull_seq_start(struct seq_file *s, loff_t *pos)
{
if (*pos >= scull_nr_devs)
return NULL; /* No more to read */
return scull_devices + *pos;
}
/*
* 用途:将迭代器移动到下一个位置(项目);
* <IN> v: 是先前对start或next调用所返回的迭代器;
*/
static void *scull_seq_next(struct seq_file *s, void *v, loff_t *pos)
{
(*pos)++;
if (*pos >= scull_nr_devs)
return NULL;
return scull_devices + *pos;
}
/*
* 在内核使用完迭代器后,会调用stop方法来清除;
*/
static void scull_seq_stop(struct seq_file *s, void *v)
{
/* Actually, there's nothing to do here */
}
/*
* 在start()和stop()的调用之间内核会调用show()来将
* 实际的数据输出到用户空间;
*
* 该方法应该为迭代器V所指向的项目建立输出;
* 用于输出的函数不能用printk,要用针对seq_file输出提供的一组特殊函数;
* seq_printf -- 类似C函数sprintf();
* seq_putc / seq_puts -- 类似C函数putc,puts.
*/
static int scull_seq_show(struct seq_file *s, void *v)
{
struct scull_dev *dev = (struct scull_dev *) v;
struct scull_qset *d;
int i;
if (down_interruptible(&dev->sem))
return -ERESTARTSYS;
seq_printf(s, " Device %i: qset %i, q %i, sz %li ",
(int) (dev - scull_devices), dev->qset,
dev->quantum, dev->size);
for (d = dev->data; d; d = d->next) { /* scan the list */
seq_printf(s, " item at %p, qset at %p ", d, d->data);
if (d->data && !d->next) /* dump only the last item */
for (i = 0; i < dev->qset; i++) {
if (d->data[i])
seq_printf(s, " % 4i: %8p ",
i, d->data[i]);
}
}
up(&dev->sem);
return 0;
}
/*
* 最后将这组函数打包并和/proc中的某个文件连接起来;
*/
/*
*首先,填充seq_operations结构体;
*/
static struct seq_operations scull_seq_ops = {
.start = scull_seq_start,
.next = scull_seq_next,
.stop = scull_seq_stop,
.show = scull_seq_show
};
/*
* Now to implement the /proc file we need only make an open
* method which sets up the sequence operators.
*/
static int scull_proc_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
/*
* seq_open的调用将file结构和我们上面定义的那组迭代器操作方法
* 连接在一起;
*/
return seq_open(file, &scull_seq_ops);
}
/*
* Create a set of file operations for our proc file.
* open是我们惟一要实现的文件操作;
*/
static struct file_operations scull_proc_ops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.open = scull_proc_open,
.read = seq_read,
.llseek = seq_lseek,
.release = seq_release
};
/*
* Actually create (and remove) the /proc file(s).
*/
//分别用新老方法实现了二个proc文件
static void scull_create_proc(void)
{
struct proc_dir_entry *entry;
/*old function*/
create_proc_read_entry("scullmem", 0 /* default mode */,
NULL /* parent dir */, scull_read_procmem,
NULL /* client data */);
/* New function
* <IN> name -- 文件名;
* <IN> mode -- 访问保护掩码; "0" -- 表示系统默认值;
* <IN> parent--父目录; "NULL" -- 表示"scullseq"文件将创建在/proc的根目录下;
*/
entry = create_proc_entry("scullseq", 0, NULL);
if (entry)
entry->proc_fops = &scull_proc_ops;
}
static void scull_remove_proc(void)
{
/* no problem if it was not registered */
remove_proc_entry("scullmem", NULL /* parent dir */);
remove_proc_entry("scullseq", NULL);
}
#endif /* SCULL_DEBUG */
//End
/* 开始实现对设备操作的方法集了,关键!!! */
/*
* Open and close
*/
//[Tag004]
/*
open应完成的工作有:
1.检查设备特定的错误(诸如设备未就绪或类似的硬件问题)
2.如果设备是首次打开,则对其进行初始化;
3.如有必要,更新f_op指针;
4.分配并填写filp->private_data;(在这里我们只实现这项即可)
*/
/*
[形参说明]
struct inode *inode -- 用它的i_cdev成员得到dev;
struct file *filp -- 将得到的dev存放到他的成员private_data中;
*/
int scull_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
{
struct scull_dev *dev; /* device information */
dev = container_of(inode->i_cdev, struct scull_dev, cdev);
/*
[说明]
1.我们要填充的应该是我们自己的特殊设备,而不是钳在他里面的字符设备结构;
2.inode结构的i_cdev成员这能提供基本字符设备结构;
3.这里利用了定义在<linux/kernel.h>中的宏来实现通过cdev得到dev;
*/
/*
以后read , write ,等操作的实现中就靠他来得到dev了;
*/
filp->private_data = dev; /* for other methods */
/* now trim to 0 the length of the device if open was write-only */
if ( (filp->f_flags & O_ACCMODE) == O_WRONLY) {
if (down_interruptible(&dev->sem))
return -ERESTARTSYS;
scull_trim(dev); /* ignore errors */
up(&dev->sem);
}
return 0; /* success */
}
/* close device file, in here we do nothing */
/*
* [Tag005]
* close应完成的工作有:
* 1.释放由open分配的,保存在filp->private_data中的所有内容;
* 2.在最后一次关闭操作时关闭设备;
* [注意:]并不是每次的close系统调用都会去调用到release. 在open时,也仅在open时才会创建
* 一个新的数据结构;在fork, dup时只是增加了这个结构中维护的一个引用计数;
* 所以当这个引用计数为0时,调用的close才意味着要释放设备数据结构,此时release才会被调用;
*/
int scull_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
{
return 0;
}
/*
* Follow the list
*
* 第一次调用时用于创建链表;
* 然后就是找到第n个节点;
* 对编写驱动程序关系不大;
*/
struct scull_qset *scull_follow(struct scull_dev *dev, int n)
{
struct scull_qset *qs = dev->data;
/* Allocate first qset explicitly if need be */
if (! qs) {
qs = dev->data = kmalloc(sizeof(struct scull_qset), GFP_KERNEL);
if (qs == NULL)
return NULL; /* Never mind */
memset(qs, 0, sizeof(struct scull_qset));
}
/* Then follow the list */
while (n--) {
if (!qs->next) {
qs->next = kmalloc(sizeof(struct scull_qset), GFP_KERNEL);
if (qs->next == NULL)
return NULL; /* Never mind */
memset(qs->next, 0, sizeof(struct scull_qset));
}
qs = qs->next;
continue;
}
return qs;
}
/*[Tag006]
* Data management: read and write
* [read和write的参数]
* 1] filp -- 文件指针;用它的成员filp->private_data得到dev;
* 2] buf -- 都是来自用户空间的指针;
* 3] count -- 缓冲区大小;(希望传输的字节数目)
* 4] f_pos -- 指向一个长偏移量对象的指针,这个对象指明了用户在文件中进行存取
* 操作的位置;
*
*[返回值]
* 1]如果返回值等于count,则完成了所请求数目的字节传输;
* 2]如果返回值是正,但小于count,则继续读或写余下的数据;
* 3]如果为0,则证明已经到了文件尾;
* 4]如果为负,则发生了错误。会返回一个错误码,该值指明了发生了什么错误。
* 错误码在<linux/errno.h>中定义;
* 例如:-EINTR (系统调用被中断)
* -EFAULT (无效地址)
*/
ssize_t scull_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buf, size_t count,
loff_t *f_pos)
{
struct scull_dev *dev = filp->private_data;
struct scull_qset *dptr; /* the first listitem */
int quantum = dev->quantum, qset = dev->qset;
int itemsize = quantum * qset; /* how many bytes in the listitem */
int item, s_pos, q_pos, rest;
ssize_t retval = 0;
if (down_interruptible(&dev->sem)) /* 信号灯减1, 用于与write操作同步 */
return -ERESTARTSYS;
if (*f_pos >= dev->size) //操作位置到文件尾,或超出文件尾了
goto out;
if (*f_pos + count > dev->size) //在当前位置所要读的数目超过文件尾了
count = dev->size - *f_pos; //减小这次的期望读取数目
/* find listitem, qset index, and offset in the quantum */
item = (long)*f_pos / itemsize; //确定是哪个链表项下,即哪个节点下;
rest = (long)*f_pos % itemsize; //在这个链表项的什么位置(偏移量),用于下面找qset索引和偏移量;
s_pos = rest / quantum; //在这个节点里**data这个指针数组的第几行;
q_pos = rest % quantum; //在这行,即这个量子里的偏移量;
/* follow the list up to the right position (defined elsewhere) */
dptr = scull_follow(dev, item); //找到这个链表项
if (dptr == NULL || !dptr->data || ! dptr->data[s_pos])
goto out; /* don't fill holes */
//以一个量子为单位传,简化了代码;
/* read only up to the end of this quantum */
if (count > quantum - q_pos)
count = quantum - q_pos;
/*
* 上面为这步准备了具体在哪个链表项的指针数组的第几行的第几列(即dptr->data[s_pos] + q_pos)
* 从这个位置的内核态的buf中拷给用户态
*/
//关键一步,将数据拷给用户空间
if (copy_to_user(buf, dptr->data[s_pos] + q_pos, count)) {
retval = -EFAULT;
goto out;
}
*f_pos += count; //更新文件指针
retval = count;
out:
up(&dev->sem);
return retval;
}
//与read的实现类似
ssize_t scull_write(struct file *filp, const char __user *buf, size_t count,
loff_t *f_pos)
{
struct scull_dev *dev = filp->private_data;
struct scull_qset *dptr;
int quantum = dev->quantum, qset = dev->qset;
int itemsize = quantum * qset;
int item, s_pos, q_pos, rest;
ssize_t retval = -ENOMEM; /* value used in "goto out" statements */
if (down_interruptible(&dev->sem))
return -ERESTARTSYS;
/* find listitem, qset index and offset in the quantum */
item = (long)*f_pos / itemsize;
rest = (long)*f_pos % itemsize;
s_pos = rest / quantum; q_pos = rest % quantum;
/* follow the list up to the right position */
dptr = scull_follow(dev, item);
if (dptr == NULL)
goto out;
if (!dptr->data) {
dptr->data = kmalloc(qset * sizeof(char *), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!dptr->data)
goto out;
memset(dptr->data, 0, qset * sizeof(char *));
}
if (!dptr->data[s_pos]) {
dptr->data[s_pos] = kmalloc(quantum, GFP_KERNEL);
if (!dptr->data[s_pos])
goto out;
}
/* write only up to the end of this quantum */
if (count > quantum - q_pos)
count = quantum - q_pos;
if (copy_from_user(dptr->data[s_pos]+q_pos, buf, count)) {
retval = -EFAULT;
goto out;
}
*f_pos += count;
retval = count;
/* update the size */
if (dev->size < *f_pos)
dev->size = *f_pos;
out:
up(&dev->sem);
return retval;
}
/*
* The ioctl() implementation
* 编写设备驱动最常用的接口!
* 用于对设备不同功能的实现;
* kernel 空间和用户空间交换数据-- 用最后一个参数arg,可以值传递或指针传递;
* 如果要传递多数据(结构体)用指针;
*/
int scull_ioctl(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp,
unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
{
int err = 0, tmp;
int retval = 0;
/*
* 命令(cmd)参数有效性的检查;
* 1.check幻数;
* 2. check command length;
* 3. check 传输数据方向;
*/
/*
* extract the type and number bitfields, and don't decode
* wrong cmds: return ENOTTY (inappropriate ioctl) before access_ok()
*/
if (_IOC_TYPE(cmd) != SCULL_IOC_MAGIC) return -ENOTTY;
if (_IOC_NR(cmd) > SCULL_IOC_MAXNR) return -ENOTTY;
/*
* the direction is a bitmask, and VERIFY_WRITE catches R/W
* transfers. `Type' is user-oriented, while
* access_ok is kernel-oriented, so the concept of "read" and
* "write" is reversed
*/
if (_IOC_DIR(cmd) & _IOC_READ)
err = !access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE, (void __user *)arg, _IOC_SIZE(cmd));
else if (_IOC_DIR(cmd) & _IOC_WRITE)
err = !access_ok(VERIFY_READ, (void __user *)arg, _IOC_SIZE(cmd));
if (err) return -EFAULT;
switch(cmd) {
case SCULL_IOCRESET:
scull_quantum = SCULL_QUANTUM;
scull_qset = SCULL_QSET;
break;
case SCULL_IOCSQUANTUM: /* Set: arg points to the value(通过指针方式和用户空间传递数据)*/
if (! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return -EPERM;
retval = __get_user(scull_quantum, (int __user *)arg);
break;
case SCULL_IOCTQUANTUM: /* Tell: arg is the value(通过值传递的方式从用户空间得到数据) */
if (! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return -EPERM;
scull_quantum = arg;
break;
case SCULL_IOCGQUANTUM: /* Get(站在用户的角度讲): arg is pointer to result( 通过指针方式将数据传给用户空间)*/
retval = __put_user(scull_quantum, (int __user *)arg);
break;
case SCULL_IOCQQUANTUM: /* Query: return it (it's positive) */
return scull_quantum; /* 值传递方式传数据到用户空间 */
case SCULL_IOCXQUANTUM: /* eXchange: use arg as pointer */
if (! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return -EPERM;
tmp = scull_quantum;
retval = __get_user(scull_quantum, (int __user *)arg);
if (retval == 0)
retval = __put_user(tmp, (int __user *)arg);
break;
case SCULL_IOCHQUANTUM: /* sHift: like Tell + Query */
if (! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return -EPERM;
tmp = scull_quantum;
scull_quantum = arg;
return tmp;
case SCULL_IOCSQSET:
if (! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return -EPERM;
retval = __get_user(scull_qset, (int __user *)arg);
break;
case SCULL_IOCTQSET:
if (! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return -EPERM;
scull_qset = arg;
break;
case SCULL_IOCGQSET:
retval = __put_user(scull_qset, (int __user *)arg);
break;
case SCULL_IOCQQSET:
return scull_qset;
case SCULL_IOCXQSET:
if (! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return -EPERM;
tmp = scull_qset;
retval = __get_user(scull_qset, (int __user *)arg);
if (retval == 0)
retval = put_user(tmp, (int __user *)arg);
break;
case SCULL_IOCHQSET:
if (! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return -EPERM;
tmp = scull_qset;
scull_qset = arg;
return tmp;
/*
* The following two change the buffer size for scullpipe.
* The scullpipe device uses this same ioctl method, just to
* write less code. Actually, it's the same driver, isn't it?
*/
case SCULL_P_IOCTSIZE:
scull_p_buffer = arg;
break;
case SCULL_P_IOCQSIZE:
return scull_p_buffer;
default: /* redundant, as cmd was checked against MAXNR */
return -ENOTTY;
}
return retval;
}
/*
* The "extended" operations -- only seek
*/
loff_t scull_llseek(struct file *filp, loff_t off, int whence)
{
struct scull_dev *dev = filp->private_data;
loff_t newpos;
switch(whence) {
case 0: /* SEEK_SET */
newpos = off;
break;
case 1: /* SEEK_CUR */
newpos = filp->f_pos + off;
break;
case 2: /* SEEK_END */
newpos = dev->size + off;
break;
default: /* can't happen */
return -EINVAL;
}
if (newpos < 0) return -EINVAL;
filp->f_pos = newpos;
return newpos;
}
//[Tag007]将这组操作打包为一个对象;
struct file_operations scull_fops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.llseek = scull_llseek,
.read = scull_read,
.write = scull_write,
.ioctl = scull_ioctl,
.open = scull_open,
.release = scull_release,
};
/*
* Finally, the module stuff
*/
//[Tag008]模块卸载或goto fail时;
/*
* The cleanup function is used to handle initialization failures as well.
* Thefore, it must be careful to work correctly even if some of the items
* have not been initialized
*/
void scull_cleanup_module(void)
{
int i;
dev_t devno = MKDEV(scull_major, scull_minor);
/* Get rid of our char dev entries */
if (scull_devices) {
for (i = 0; i < scull_nr_devs; i++) {
scull_trim(scull_devices + i);
cdev_del(&scull_devices[i].cdev); //[???]是一个内核函数么?
}
kfree(scull_devices);
}
#ifdef SCULL_DEBUG /* use proc only if debugging */
scull_remove_proc();
#endif
/* cleanup_module is never called if registering failed */
unregister_chrdev_region(devno, scull_nr_devs);
/* and call the cleanup functions for friend devices */
scull_p_cleanup();
scull_access_cleanup();
}
/* [Tag002]
这里主要干了2件事;
在内核内部使用struct cdev结构来表示字符设备;
[1]在这里因为我们将cdev结构嵌入到自己的scull_dev设备下了,所以我们用下面这个方法来
初始化已分配的结构;
cdev_init(&dev->cdev, &scull_fops);
[2]告诉内核我们新结构的信息;
*/
/*
* Set up the char_dev structure for this device.
*/
static void scull_setup_cdev(struct scull_dev *dev, int index)
{
int err, devno = MKDEV(scull_major, scull_minor + index);
// [1]
cdev_init(&dev->cdev, &scull_fops); /* 初始化, 字符设备和给它一组在它上面操作的方法集 */
/* 填充基本字符设备的成员 */
dev->cdev.owner = THIS_MODULE; //模块计数
dev->cdev.ops = &scull_fops; //附上一组操作自己的方法集
// [2]
err = cdev_add (&dev->cdev, devno, 1);
/*
函数说明:
cdev -- 字符设备的结构指针,我们就是要把他告诉给内核;
devno -- 设备编号,用MKDEV利用全局的主设备号和次设备号生成的;
1 -- 是应该和该设备关联的设备编号的数量, 一般情况下都为1;
一般我们都是一个设备编号对应一个设备;
*/
/*
注意:
在调用cdev_add后,我们的设备就被添加到系统了,他"活"了. 附加的操作集也就可以被内核调用了
,因此,在驱动程序还没有完全准备好处理设备上的操作时,就不能调用cdev_add!
*/
/* Fail gracefully if need be */
if (err)
printk(KERN_NOTICE "Error %d adding scull%d", err, index);
}
/*[Tag000]
* 当模块加载时,调用;但是为什么要放在最后来实现他呢,看到Tag002时,你应该就明白了;
*/
int scull_init_module(void)
{
int result, i;
dev_t dev = 0;
/* [Tag001] */
/* [1]分配设备编号 */
/*
* Get a range of minor numbers to work with, asking for a dynamic
* major unless directed otherwise at load time.
*/
if (scull_major) { /* 预先自己指定了主设备号 */
dev = MKDEV(scull_major, scull_minor); /* 利用主设备号,找到设备编号给方法1用 */
result = register_chrdev_region(dev, scull_nr_devs, "scull");
} else { /* 动态自己生成设备编号,然后再利用设备编号得到主设备号;
记住如果用这个方法那么就要后建设备文件了,因为不能提前知道主号
当然也可以利用ldd3书中提供的脚本,巨方便&&通用 */
result = alloc_chrdev_region(&dev, scull_minor, scull_nr_devs,
"scull");
scull_major = MAJOR(dev);
}
if (result < 0) {
printk(KERN_WARNING "scull: can't get major %d ", scull_major);
return result;
}
/*[2]设备对象实例化*/
/*
* allocate the devices -- we can't have them static, as the number
* can be specified at load time
*/
scull_devices = kmalloc(scull_nr_devs * sizeof(struct scull_dev), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!scull_devices) {
result = -ENOMEM;
goto fail; /* Make this more graceful */
}
memset(scull_devices, 0, scull_nr_devs * sizeof(struct scull_dev));
/* [3]在这里初始化设备用了2.6的新方法,在scull_setup_cdev里完成 */
/* Initialize each device. */
for (i = 0; i < scull_nr_devs; i++) {
scull_devices[i].quantum = scull_quantum; /* 可以根据自己insmod时传参
来自己改变量子和量子集(指针数组)的大小 */
scull_devices[i].qset = scull_qset;
init_MUTEX(&scull_devices[i].sem);
scull_setup_cdev(&scull_devices[i], i); /* 在分别完主设备编号后goto Tag002 设备注册 */
}
/* At this point call the init function for any friend device */
dev = MKDEV(scull_major, scull_minor + scull_nr_devs);
/*
* 下面二个是另外二个driver,提供了更高级的操作
* 阻塞式的read,write的实现,异步通知的实现;
* 对设备打开权限控制的实现;
*/
dev += scull_p_init(dev);
dev += scull_access_init(dev);
#ifdef SCULL_DEBUG /* only when debugging */
scull_create_proc();
#endif
return 0; /* succeed */
fail:
scull_cleanup_module();
return result;
}
module_init(scull_init_module); //insmod
module_exit(scull_cleanup_module); //rmmod
scull.h
/*
* scull.h -- definitions for the char module
*
* Copyright (C) 2001 Alessandro Rubini and Jonathan Corbet
* Copyright (C) 2001 O'Reilly & Associates
*
* The source code in this file can be freely used, adapted,
* and redistributed in source or binary form, so long as an
* acknowledgment appears in derived source files. The citation
* should list that the code comes from the book "Linux Device
* Drivers" by Alessandro Rubini and Jonathan Corbet, published
* by O'Reilly & Associates. No warranty is attached;
* we cannot take responsibility for errors or fitness for use.
*
* $Id: scull.h,v 1.15 2004/11/04 17:51:18 rubini Exp $
*/
#ifndef _SCULL_H_
#define _SCULL_H_
#include <linux/ioctl.h> /* needed for the _IOW etc stuff used later */
/*
* Macros to help debugging
*/
#undef PDEBUG /* undef it, just in case */
#ifdef SCULL_DEBUG
# ifdef __KERNEL__
/* This one if debugging is on, and kernel space */
# define PDEBUG(fmt, args...) printk( KERN_DEBUG "scull: " fmt, ## args)
# else
/* This one for user space */
# define PDEBUG(fmt, args...) fprintf(stderr, fmt, ## args)
# endif
#else
# define PDEBUG(fmt, args...) /* not debugging: nothing */
#endif
#undef PDEBUGG
#define PDEBUGG(fmt, args...) /* nothing: it's a placeholder */
#ifndef SCULL_MAJOR
#define SCULL_MAJOR 0 /* dynamic major by default */
#endif
#ifndef SCULL_NR_DEVS
#define SCULL_NR_DEVS 4 /* scull0 through scull3 */
#endif
#ifndef SCULL_P_NR_DEVS
#define SCULL_P_NR_DEVS 4 /* scullpipe0 through scullpipe3 */
#endif
/*
* The bare device is a variable-length region of memory.
* Use a linked list of indirect blocks.
*
* "scull_dev->data" points to an array of pointers, each
* pointer refers to a memory area of SCULL_QUANTUM bytes.
*
* The array (quantum-set) is SCULL_QSET long.
*/
#ifndef SCULL_QUANTUM
#define SCULL_QUANTUM 4000 /* 每个指针(量子)指向一个4000字节的区域 */
#endif
#ifndef SCULL_QSET
#define SCULL_QSET 1000 /* 一个有1000个(量子)的指针数组 */
#endif
/*
* The pipe device is a simple circular buffer. Here its default size
*/
#ifndef SCULL_P_BUFFER
#define SCULL_P_BUFFER 4000
#endif
/*
* Representation of scull quantum sets.
* 一个链表项
*/
struct scull_qset {
void **data;
struct scull_qset *next; /* 下一个链表节点(链表项) */
};
/* 我们自己的设备(包含了基本的cdev字符设备结构) */
struct scull_dev {
struct scull_qset *data; /* Pointer to first quantum set (链表的头)*/
int quantum; /* the current quantum size */
int qset; /* the current array size */
unsigned long size; /* amount of data stored here (保存在其中的数据总量)*/
unsigned int access_key; /* used by sculluid and scullpriv */
struct semaphore sem; /* mutual exclusion semaphore */
struct cdev cdev; /* Char device structure */
};
/*
* Split minors in two parts
*/
#define TYPE(minor) (((minor) >> 4) & 0xf) /* high nibble */
#define NUM(minor) ((minor) & 0xf) /* low nibble */
/*
* The different configurable parameters
*/
extern int scull_major; /* main.c */
extern int scull_nr_devs;
extern int scull_quantum;
extern int scull_qset;
extern int scull_p_buffer; /* pipe.c */
/*
* Prototypes for shared functions
*/
int scull_p_init(dev_t dev);
void scull_p_cleanup(void);
int scull_access_init(dev_t dev);
void scull_access_cleanup(void);
int scull_trim(struct scull_dev *dev);
ssize_t scull_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buf, size_t count,
loff_t *f_pos);
ssize_t scull_write(struct file *filp, const char __user *buf, size_t count,
loff_t *f_pos);
loff_t scull_llseek(struct file *filp, loff_t off, int whence);
int scull_ioctl(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp,
unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg);
/*
* Ioctl definitions
*/
/* Use 'k' as magic number */
#define SCULL_IOC_MAGIC 'k'
/* Please use a different 8-bit number in your code */
#define SCULL_IOCRESET _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 0)
/*
* S means "Set" through a ptr,
* T means "Tell" directly with the argument value
* G means "Get": reply by setting through a pointer
* Q means "Query": response is on the return value
* X means "eXchange": switch G and S atomically
* H means "sHift": switch T and Q atomically
*/
#define SCULL_IOCSQUANTUM _IOW(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 1, int)
#define SCULL_IOCSQSET _IOW(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 2, int)
#define SCULL_IOCTQUANTUM _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 3)
#define SCULL_IOCTQSET _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 4)
#define SCULL_IOCGQUANTUM _IOR(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 5, int)
#define SCULL_IOCGQSET _IOR(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 6, int)
#define SCULL_IOCQQUANTUM _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 7)
#define SCULL_IOCQQSET _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 8)
#define SCULL_IOCXQUANTUM _IOWR(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 9, int)
#define SCULL_IOCXQSET _IOWR(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC,10, int)
#define SCULL_IOCHQUANTUM _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 11)
#define SCULL_IOCHQSET _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 12)
/*
* The other entities only have "Tell" and "Query", because they're
* not printed in the book, and there's no need to have all six.
* (The previous stuff was only there to show different ways to do it.
*/
#define SCULL_P_IOCTSIZE _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 13)
#define SCULL_P_IOCQSIZE _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 14)
/* ... more to come */
#define SCULL_IOC_MAXNR 14
#endif /* _SCULL_H_ */