进程描述符

    在内核中，进程描述符是一个名为task_struct的结构体，用于存放进程的属性和信息，与进程相关的所有内核信息都存储在这个结构体中。在其生命周期内，进程要与内核的很多方面---如内存管理和进程调度等打交道，因此进程描述符除了记录UNIX进程的标准属性外，还要记录上述交互过程的相关信息。内核采用循环双向链表task_list来存放所有进程描述符，并借助全局变量current来存放当前运行进程的task——struct的引用。
    进程可能有一个或多个线程组成，每一个线程都对应一个task_struct,其中包括一个唯一的线程ID。在一般的进程中，线程共享相同的内存地址空间。
    在进程的生命周期中，进程描述符必须记录的信息有：
    进程的属性
    进程间的关系
    进程的内存空间
    文件管理
    信号管理
    进程的信任状
    资源限制
    与调度相关的字段

 

struct task_struct{
	volatile long state;	/* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */
	void *stack;
	atomic_t usage;
	unsigned int flags;	/* per process flags, defined below */
	unsigned int ptrace;
	int lock_depth;		/* BKL lock depth */
	int load_weight;	/* for niceness load balancing purposes */
	int prio, static_prio, normal_prio;
	struct list_head run_list;
	struct prio_array *array;
	unsigned short ioprio;
	unsigned long sleep_avg;
	unsigned long long timestamp, last_ran;
	unsigned long long sched_time; /* sched_clock time spent running */
	enum sleep_type sleep_type;
	unsigned int policy;
	cpumask_t cpus_allowed;
	unsigned int time_slice, first_time_slice;
	struct list_head tasks;
	struct list_head ptrace_children;
	struct list_head ptrace_list;
	struct mm_struct *mm, *active_mm;
/* task state */
	struct linux_binfmt *binfmt;
	int exit_state;
	int exit_code, exit_signal;
	int pdeath_signal;  /*  The signal sent when the parent dies  */
	/* ??? */
	unsigned int personality;
	unsigned did_exec:1;
	pid_t pid;
	pid_t tgid;
	struct task_struct *real_parent; /* real parent process (when being debugged) */
	struct task_struct *parent;	/* parent process */
	struct list_head children;	/* list of my children */
	struct list_head sibling;	/* linkage in my parent's children list */
	struct task_struct *group_leader;	/* threadgroup leader */
	/* PID/PID hash table linkage. */
	struct pid_link pids[PIDTYPE_MAX];
	struct list_head thread_group;
	struct completion *vfork_done;		/* for vfork() */
	int __user *set_child_tid;		/* CLONE_CHILD_SETTID */
	int __user *clear_child_tid;		/* CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID */
	unsigned int rt_priority;
	cputime_t utime, stime;
	unsigned long nvcsw, nivcsw; /* context switch counts */
	struct timespec start_time;
/* mm fault and swap info: this can arguably be seen as either mm-specific or thread-specific */
	unsigned long min_flt, maj_flt;
  cputime_t it_prof_expires, it_virt_expires;
	unsigned long long it_sched_expires;
	struct list_head cpu_timers[3];
/* process credentials */
	uid_t uid,euid,suid,fsuid;
	gid_t gid,egid,sgid,fsgid;
	struct group_info *group_info;
	kernel_cap_t   cap_effective, cap_inheritable, cap_permitted;
	unsigned keep_capabilities:1;
	struct user_struct *user;
	unsigned char fpu_counter;
	int oomkilladj; /* OOM kill score adjustment (bit shift). */
	char comm[TASK_COMM_LEN];
/* file system info */
	int link_count, total_link_count;
/* CPU-specific state of this task */
	struct thread_struct thread;
/* filesystem information */
	struct fs_struct *fs;
/* open file information */
	struct files_struct *files;
/* namespaces */
	struct nsproxy *nsproxy;
/* signal handlers */
	struct signal_struct *signal;
	struct sighand_struct *sighand;
	sigset_t blocked, real_blocked;
	sigset_t saved_sigmask;		/* To be restored with TIF_RESTORE_SIGMASK */
	struct sigpending pending;
	unsigned long sas_ss_sp;
	size_t sas_ss_size;
	int (*notifier)(void *priv);
	void *notifier_data;
	sigset_t *notifier_mask;
	void *security;
	struct audit_context *audit_context;
	seccomp_t seccomp;
/* Thread group tracking */
   	u32 parent_exec_id;
   	u32 self_exec_id;
/* Protection of (de-)allocation: mm, files, fs, tty, keyrings */
	spinlock_t alloc_lock;
	/* Protection of the PI data structures: */
	spinlock_t pi_lock;
/* journalling filesystem info */
	void *journal_info;
/* stacked block device info */
	struct bio *bio_list, **bio_tail;
/* VM state */
	struct reclaim_state *reclaim_state;
	struct backing_dev_info *backing_dev_info;
	struct io_context *io_context;
	unsigned long ptrace_message;
	siginfo_t *last_siginfo; /* For ptrace use.  */
	wait_queue_t *io_wait;
	struct list_head pi_state_list;
	struct futex_pi_state *pi_state_cache;
	atomic_t fs_excl;	/* holding fs exclusive resources */
	struct rcu_head rcu;
	struct pipe_inode_info *splice_pipe;
}

 与进程属性相关的字段：

        1、state： state字段用于记录进程的状态，在其执行生命周期内，进程可以从该域中找到自己所处的状态，其可能的值有TASK_TUNNING、TSAK_INTERRUPTIBLE、TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE、TASK_ZOMBIE、TASK_STOPPED和TASK_DEAD
        2、pid: pid在linux中，每个进程都有唯一的进程标示符pid,pid位于task_struct结构体中，类型为pid_t(整数)默认的最大值为32768,
        3、标志 标志定义的是进程的特殊属性。每个进程的标志都是include/linux/sched.h中定义的，
 有：

#define PF_ALIGNWARN			0x00000001	/* Print alignment warning msgs */
					/* Not implemented yet, only for 486*/
#define PF_STARTING				0x00000002	/* being created */
#define PF_EXITING				0x00000004	/* getting shut down */
#define PF_EXITPIDONE			0x00000008	/* pi exit done on shut down */
#define PF_FORKNOEXEC			0x00000040	/* forked but didn't exec */
#define PF_SUPERPRIV			0x00000100	/* used super-user privileges */
#define PF_DUMPCORE				0x00000200	/* dumped core */
#define PF_SIGNALED				0x00000400	/* killed by a signal */
#define PF_MEMALLOC				0x00000800	/* Allocating memory */
#define PF_FLUSHER				0x00001000	/* responsible for disk writeback */
#define PF_USED_MATH			0x00002000	/* if unset the fpu must be initialized before use */
#define PF_NOFREEZE				0x00008000	/* this thread should not be frozen */
#define PF_FROZEN					0x00010000	/* frozen for system suspend */
#define PF_FSTRANS				0x00020000	/* inside a filesystem transaction */
#define PF_KSWAPD					0x00040000	/* I am kswapd */
#define PF_SWAPOFF				0x00080000	/* I am in swapoff */
#define PF_LESS_THROTTLE 	0x00100000	/* Throttle me less: I clean memory */
#define PF_BORROWED_MM		0x00200000	/* I am a kthread doing use_mm */
#define PF_RANDOMIZE			0x00400000	/* randomize virtual address space */
#define PF_SWAPWRITE			0x00800000	/* Allowed to write to swap */
#define PF_SPREAD_PAGE		0x01000000	/* Spread page cache over cpuset */
#define PF_SPREAD_SLAB		0x02000000	/* Spread some slab caches over cpuset */
#define PF_MEMPOLICY			0x10000000	/* Non-default NUMA mempolicy */
#define PF_MUTEX_TESTER		0x20000000	/* Thread belongs to the rt mutex tester */
#define PF_FREEZER_SKIP		0x40000000	/* Freezer should not count it as freezeable */

 

      4、binfmt：linux支持多种可执行文件格式。可执行文件格式是为指明程序代码如何被载人 内存而定义的一种结构。
      5、exit_code, exit_signal：exit_code与exit_signal字段分别存放进程的退出和终止信号这是将子进程和退出值传给其父进程的方式。
      6、pdeath_signal：pdeath_signal是父进程消亡时发出的信号。
      7、comm：通常通过在命令行调用一个可执行程序来创建进程。调用时comm字段用于存放该可执行程序的名称。
      8、ptrace：当进程因进行性能测定而调用系统调用ptrace()时设置ptrace字段ptrace()的标志在文件include/linux/ptrace.h中定义。