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全栈工程师开发手册 (作者:栾鹏)
python教程全解
python中requests库的基础应用,网页数据挖掘的常用库之一。也就是说最主要的功能是从网页抓取数据。
使用前需要先联网安装requests库点击下载(在安装中会自动联网下载依赖包)
python库的安装请参考Python库的安装与卸载
python2.7、python3.6下
#coding:utf-8
#python网络爬虫库requests库应用全解
import requests
import json
print(u'================入门================')
r = requests.get('http://blog.csdn.net/luanpeng825485697/') #返回Response对象
# print(r.status_code) # 获取整型返回状态
# print(r.headers) # 获取头部信息,#以字典对象存储服务器响应头,但是这个字典比较特殊,字典键不区分大小写,若键不存在则返回None
# print(r.encoding) #获取编码类型
# print(r.url) #获取响应网址
# print(r.history) #获取访问历史
# print(r.reason) #获取文本描述,"Not Found" or "OK".
# print(r.cookies) #获取cookie
# print(r.raw) #返回原始响应体,也就是 urllib 的 response 对象,使用 r.raw.read() 读取
# print(r.content) #字节方式的响应体,会自动为你解码 gzip 和 deflate 压缩
# print(r.text) #字符串方式的响应体,会自动根据响应头部的字符编码进行解码
# print(r.links) #解析响应的头部连接
# print(r.is_redirect) #是否是重定向响应
#*特殊方法*#
# r.json() #如果返回的是json字符串将翻译为python对象
# r.raise_for_status() #功能:如果失败请求(非200响应)抛出异常
# r.close() #关闭连接
print(u'================基本请求================')
r = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post")
r = requests.put("http://httpbin.org/put")
r = requests.delete("http://httpbin.org/delete")
r = requests.head("http://httpbin.org/get")
r = requests.options("http://httpbin.org/get")
print(u'================基本GET请求================')
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'} #字典数据
headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'} #header数据
r = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload, headers=headers) #payload可以省略,会在网址中添加
print(r.url)
print(u'================基本POST请求================')
url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
payload = {'some': 'data'}
r = requests.post(url, data=payload) #上传字典数据
r = requests.post(url, json=json.dumps(payload)) #上传json数据
print(r.text)
url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
myfiles = {'file': open('test.txt', 'rb')} #获取文件对象
r = requests.post(url, files=myfiles) #上传文件
print(r.text)
#with open('test.txt') as f: #流式上传
# requests.post('http://some.url/streamed', data=f)
print('=============携带认证信息的请求==========')
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth
response = requests.get(host,auth=HTTPBasicAuth('intellif', 'introcks'))
print(u'================Cookies================')
url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies'
r = requests.get(url) #响应中会包含cookie
print(r.cookies)
url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies'
cookies = dict(cookies_are='working') #自定义cookie变量
r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies) #请求时附带cookie
print(r.text)
print(u'================超时配置================')
requests.get('http://github.com', timeout=1) #1秒没有响应就报错
print(u'================会话对象(持久连接)================')
s = requests.Session()
s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/sessioncookie/123456789') #get方式设置cookie
r = s.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies") #获取cookie
print(r.text)
headers = {'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate, compress',
'Accept-Language': 'en-us;q=0.5,en;q=0.3',
'Cache-Control': 'max-age=0',
'Connection': 'keep-alive',
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:22.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/22.0'}
s = requests.Session()
s.headers.update(headers) #更新header
r = s.get('http://httpbin.org/headers', headers={'x-test': 'true'}) #get函数中添加的headers会覆盖原有同名,添加不同名的,去除值为None的
print(r.text)
print(u'================SSL证书验证================')
r = requests.get('https://github.com', verify=True)
print(r.text)
r = requests.get('https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/', verify=False) #把 verify 设置为 False即可跳过证书验证
print(r.text)
print(u'================设置代理服务器================')
#第一种方法
proxies = {
"https": "http://121.193.143.249:80"
}
r = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", proxies=proxies)
print(r.text)
#第2中方法
s = requests.session()
s.proxies = {'http': '121.193.143.249:80'}
s.get('http://httpbin.org/ip')