gcc -static 命令

原文网址：http://blog.csdn.net/newchenxf/article/details/51743181
转载请注明出处。

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1 前言

gcc 编译, 有个选项是-static, 它有什么作用呢? 这主要决定, 编译-链接时, 使用的库是静态库还是动态库.

先补充一下静态库和动态库的背景.
一个模块要对外提供能力, 先有个头文件, 定义接口。 然后是库文件, 包含接口的实现。库可以是静态库和动态库。两者的区别如下:

1.1 静态库(常以a为结尾, 例如libxx.a):

在链接时将需要的二进制代码都“拷贝”到可执行文件中(注意, 只拷贝需要的,不会全部拷贝)。
优点: 编译成功的可执行文件可以独立运行，而不再需要向外部要求读取函数库的内容；
缺点: 维护难, 每次更新, 都需要依赖方重新编译。 另外, 依赖方因为拷贝了库的内容, 所以编译后的文件会比较大。

1.2 动态库(常以so为结尾, 例如libxx.so):

链接时仅仅“拷贝”一些重定位和符号表信息，这些信息可以在程序运行时完成真正的链接过程。
优点: 维护容易, 只要对外接口不变, 则库可以不停的更新, 依赖方不需要再次编译;
缺点: 依赖方运行时需要所有依赖的so库都存在。

所以两者的本质区别:
该库是否被编译进目标（程序）内部。

2 例子

比如，现在有个简单的程序。该程序依赖于pthread。
这个非常常见的线程模块, 在我的ubuntu的电脑的头文件和库如下:

chenxiaofeng@chenxiaofeng-HP-EliteBook-840-G3:/usr/include$ ls -la pthread.h 
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 41269 1月  24 20:53 pthread.h

chenxiaofeng@chenxiaofeng-HP-EliteBook-840-G3:/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu$ ls -la libpthread*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6254274 1月  24 20:53 libpthread.a
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root     252 1月  24 20:53 libpthread.so

这个简单的程序如下:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <pthread.h>

/* this function is run by the second thread */
void *thread_exe(void *x_void_ptr)
{
    /* increment x to 100 */
    int *x_ptr = (int *)x_void_ptr;
    while(++(*x_ptr) < 100);
        printf("x increment finished\n");

    return NULL;
}

int testFunc(int param)
{
    printf(" testFunc %i\n",param);
    pthread_t inc_x_thread;
    int x = 0, y = 0;
    /* create a second thread which executes thread_exe(&y) */
    if(pthread_create(&inc_x_thread, NULL, thread_exe, &x)) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Error creating thread\n");
        return 1;
    }
    /* increment y to 100 in the first thread */
    while(++y < 100);

    printf("y increment finished\n");

    /* wait for the second thread to finish */
    if(pthread_join(inc_x_thread, NULL)) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Error joining thread\n");
       return 2;
    }

    /* show the results - x is now 100 thanks to the second thread */
    printf("x: %d, y: %d\n", x, y);
    return 0;
}

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
    int a = 100;
    testFunc(a);
    return 1;
}

2.1 加static编译的情况

编译：

gcc test_main.c -static -o test_main -lpthread

结果，你会发现test_main文件很大！

chenxf@chenxf-PC:~/temp/test_main$ ll
-rwxrwxr-x  1 chenxf chenxf 1131418  6月 23 14:45 test_main*
-rw-rw-r--  1 chenxf chenxf    1081  6月 23 14:38 test_main.c

这是因为，编译选择的是静态链接, 查找的库是libpthread.a, 生成目标文件, 会把各种依赖pthread的函数，比如pthread_create()函数，以及所有pthread_create()依赖的任何东西，从libpthread.a拷贝进来。 这样, 运行test_main不需要依赖任何库了！

不信？？你可以用这个命令看：

nm test_main

结果一大堆，我截取一下：

0000000000404fb0 T __pthread_cleanup_push
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......

你会发现，和thread相关的各种各样的东西，全部来了！而不仅仅是pthread_create().

2.2 不加-static的情况

而如果你不加-static，结果就不同了。

gcc test_main.c -o test_main -lpthread

文件要小很多！

chenxf@chenxf-PC:~/temp/test_main$ ll
-rwxrwxr-x  1 chenxf chenxf  8891  6月 23 14:39 test_main*
-rw-rw-r--  1 chenxf chenxf  1081  6月 23 14:38 test_main.c

用nm查看，会发现东西就少很多。

chenxf@chenxf-PC:~/temp/test_main$ nm test_main
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000000000040088c T main
                 U printf@@GLIBC_2.2.5
                 U pthread_create@@GLIBC_2.2.5
                 U pthread_join@@GLIBC_2.2.5
                 U puts@@GLIBC_2.2.5
00000000004006e0 t register_tm_clones
0000000000400680 T _start
0000000000601060 B stderr@@GLIBC_2.2.5
00000000004007ad T testFunc
000000000040076d T thread_exe
0000000000601060 D __TMC_END__

其中部分关键段:

U printf@@GLIBC_2.2.5
U pthread_create@@GLIBC_2.2.5
U pthread_join@@GLIBC_2.2.5
”
U表示在本程序只是调用，没有定义，需要其他库支持。
T表示本程序定义。

3 总结

gcc 加上 -static，会在链接阶段, 查找对应模块的静态库, 而非动态库, 并把需要的东西，都带进目标文件），编译好后，文件会非常大，但是，运行时就不需要依赖任何动态库。

这种编译, 通常在开发阶段, 程序员使用, 很少用于量产产品喔