136. Single Number

Given an array of integers, every element appears twice except for one. Find that single one.

Note:
Your algorithm should have a linear runtime complexity. Could you implement it without using extra memory?

大意:给定一个数组,除了一个元素,其它每个元素都出现了两次,找出这个出现一次的元素。时间复杂度O(n), 空间复杂度O(1).

由于数组中除一个元素外 其他元素都出现了2次,因此出现偶数次的元素异或(即二进制模2加)后为0, 因此所以元素异或后即得到只出现一次的数字!

class Solution {
public:
    int singleNumber(vector<int>& nums) {
        int sum=0;
        for(int i=0;i<nums.size();i++)
        {
            sum = sum ^ nums[i];

        }
        return sum;

    }
};
Sure, here are some common OOP features and principles: Features: 1. Encapsulation: Encapsulation is the process of hiding the implementation details of an object from the outside world, and restricting access to the object's internal data and methods. 2. Abstraction: Abstraction is the process of creating a simplified version of something complex, in order to make it more manageable and easier to understand. 3. Inheritance: Inheritance is the mechanism by which one class inherits properties and methods from another class. 4. Polymorphism: Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take on many different forms, depending on the context in which it is used. Principles: 1. Single Responsibility Principle: The Single Responsibility Principle (SRP) states that a class should have only one reason to change. This means that a class should only be responsible for one thing, and should not be responsible for multiple unrelated tasks. 2. Open/Closed Principle: The Open/Closed Principle (OCP) states that a class should be open for extension but closed for modification. This means that you should be able to add new functionality to a class without modifying its existing code. 3. Liskov Substitution Principle: The Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP) states that a subclass should be able to be substituted for its parent class without affecting the correctness of the program. This means that a subclass should be able to use all the methods and properties of its parent class without any issues. 4. Interface Segregation Principle: The Interface Segregation Principle (ISP) states that a class should not be forced to implement interfaces it does not use. This means that you should only include the methods and properties that are necessary for a class to perform its specific tasks in its interface. 5. Dependency Inversion Principle: The Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP) states that high-level modules should not depend on low-level modules, but both should depend on abstractions. This means that you should use interfaces or abstract classes to decouple the high-level and low-level classes, making your code more flexible and easy to maintain.
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