invalid resource directory name: 问题解决

最新推荐文章于 2024-03-20 13:16:27 发布
最新推荐文章于 2024-03-20 13:16:27 发布
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分类专栏： APP反编译 Android Cocos2d-x
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出现如下错时：

invalid resource directory name: C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\Android build to
ols\apk2java\apktool1.4.1\NewFisho\res/drawable-xxhdpi

Exception in thread "main" brut.androlib.AndrolibException: brut.androlib.Androl

ibException: brut.common.BrutException: could not exec command: [aapt, p, --min-

将res目录下多余的目录删除即可，如drawable-xxhdpi



隔壁-老阳
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python3.6.5参考手册 chm
04-15
Python参考手册，官方正式版参考手册，chm版。以下摘取部分内容:Navigation index modules | next | Python » 3.6.5 Documentation » Python Documentation contents What’s New in Python What’s New In Python 3.6 Summary – Release highlights New Features PEP 498: Formatted string literals PEP 526: Syntax for variable annotations PEP 515: Underscores in Numeric Literals PEP 525: Asynchronous Generators PEP 530: Asynchronous Comprehensions PEP 487: Simpler customization of class creation PEP 487: Descriptor Protocol Enhancements PEP 519: Adding a file system path protocol PEP 495: Local Time Disambiguation PEP 529: Change Windows filesystem encoding to UTF-8 PEP 528: Change Windows console encoding to UTF-8 PEP 520: Preserving Class Attribute Definition Order PEP 468: Preserving Keyword Argument Order New dict implementation PEP 523: Adding a frame evaluation API to CPython PYTHONMALLOC environment variable DTrace and SystemTap probing support Other Language Changes New Modules secrets Improved Modules array ast asyncio binascii cmath collections concurrent.futures contextlib datetime decimal distutils email encodings enum faulthandler fileinput hashlib http.client idlelib and IDLE importlib inspect json logging math multiprocessing os pathlib pdb pickle pickletools pydoc random re readline rlcompleter shlex site sqlite3 socket socketserver ssl statistics struct subprocess sys telnetlib time timeit tkinter traceback tracemalloc typing unicodedata unittest.mock urllib.request urllib.robotparser venv warnings winreg winsound xmlrpc.client zipfile zlib Optimizations Build and C API Changes Other Improvements Deprecated New Keywords Deprecated Python behavior Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods asynchat asyncore dbm distutils grp importlib os re ssl tkinter venv Deprecated functions and types of the C API Deprecated Build Options Removed API and Feature Removals Porting to Python 3.6 Changes in ‘python’ Command Behavior Changes in the Python API Changes in the C API CPython bytecode changes Notable changes in Python 3.6.2 New make regen-all build target Removal of make touch build target Notable changes in Python 3.6.5 What’s New In Python 3.5 Summary – Release highlights New Features PEP 492 - Coroutines with async and await syntax PEP 465 - A dedicated infix operator for matrix multiplication PEP 448 - Additional Unpacking Generalizations PEP 461 - percent formatting support for bytes and bytearray PEP 484 - Type Hints PEP 471 - os.scandir() function – a better and faster directory iterator PEP 475: Retry system calls failing with EINTR PEP 479: Change StopIteration handling inside generators PEP 485: A function for testing approximate equality PEP 486: Make the Python Launcher aware of virtual environments PEP 488: Elimination of PYO files PEP 489: Multi-phase extension module initialization Other Language Changes New Modules typing zipapp Improved Modules argparse asyncio bz2 cgi cmath code collections collections.abc compileall concurrent.futures configparser contextlib csv curses dbm difflib distutils doctest email enum faulthandler functools glob gzip heapq http http.client idlelib and IDLE imaplib imghdr importlib inspect io ipaddress json linecache locale logging lzma math multiprocessing operator os pathlib pickle poplib re readline selectors shutil signal smtpd smtplib sndhdr socket ssl Memory BIO Support Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation Support Other Changes sqlite3 subprocess sys sysconfig tarfile threading time timeit tkinter traceback types unicodedata unittest unittest.mock urllib wsgiref xmlrpc xml.sax zipfile Other module-level changes Optimizations Build and C API Changes Deprecated New Keywords Deprecated Python Behavior Unsupported Operating Systems Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods Removed API and Feature Removals Porting to Python 3.5 Changes in Python behavior Changes in the Python API Changes in the C API What’s New In Python 3.4 Summary – Release Highlights New Features PEP 453: Explicit Bootstrapping of PIP in Python Installations Bootstrapping pip By Default Documentation Changes PEP 446: Newly Created File Descriptors Are Non-Inheritable Improvements to Codec Handling PEP 451: A ModuleSpec Type for the Import System Other Language Changes New Modules asyncio ensurepip enum pathlib selectors statistics tracemalloc Improved Modules abc aifc argparse audioop base64 collections colorsys contextlib dbm dis doctest email filecmp functools gc glob hashlib hmac html http idlelib and IDLE importlib inspect ipaddress logging marshal mmap multiprocessing operator os pdb pickle plistlib poplib pprint pty pydoc re resource select shelve shutil smtpd smtplib socket sqlite3 ssl stat struct subprocess sunau sys tarfile textwrap threading traceback types urllib unittest venv wave weakref xml.etree zipfile CPython Implementation Changes PEP 445: Customization of CPython Memory Allocators PEP 442: Safe Object Finalization PEP 456: Secure and Interchangeable Hash Algorithm PEP 436: Argument Clinic Other Build and C API Changes Other Improvements Significant Optimizations Deprecated Deprecations in the Python API Deprecated Features Removed Operating Systems No Longer Supported API and Feature Removals Code Cleanups Porting to Python 3.4 Changes in ‘python’ Command Behavior Changes in the Python API Changes in the C API Changed in 3.4.3 PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for stdlib http clients What’s New In Python 3.3 Summary – Release highlights PEP 405: Virtual Environments PEP 420: Implicit Namespace Packages PEP 3118: New memoryview implementation and buffer protocol documentation Features API changes PEP 393: Flexible String Representation Functionality Performance and resource usage PEP 397: Python Launcher for Windows PEP 3151: Reworking the OS and IO exception hierarchy PEP 380: Syntax for Delegating to a Subgenerator PEP 409: Suppressing exception context PEP 414: Explicit Unicode literals PEP 3155: Qualified name for classes and functions PEP 412: Key-Sharing Dictionary PEP 362: Function Signature Object PEP 421: Adding sys.implementation SimpleNamespace Using importlib as the Implementation of Import New APIs Visible Changes Other Language Changes A Finer-Grained Import Lock Builtin functions and types New Modules faulthandler ipaddress lzma Improved Modules abc array base64 binascii bz2 codecs collections contextlib crypt curses datetime decimal Features API changes email Policy Framework Provisional Policy with New Header API Other API Changes ftplib functools gc hmac http html imaplib inspect io itertools logging math mmap multiprocessing nntplib os pdb pickle pydoc re sched select shlex shutil signal smtpd smtplib socket socketserver sqlite3 ssl stat struct subprocess sys tarfile tempfile textwrap threading time types unittest urllib webbrowser xml.etree.ElementTree zlib Optimizations Build and C API Changes Deprecated Unsupported Operating Systems Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods Deprecated functions and types of the C API Deprecated features Porting to Python 3.3 Porting Python code Porting C code Building C extensions Command Line Switch Changes What’s New In Python 3.2 PEP 384: Defining a Stable ABI PEP 389: Argparse Command Line Parsing Module PEP 391: Dictionary Based Configuration for Logging PEP 3148: The concurrent.futures module PEP 3147: PYC Repository Directories PEP 3149: ABI Version Tagged .so Files PEP 3333: Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0.1 Other Language Changes New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules email elementtree functools itertools collections threading datetime and time math abc io reprlib logging csv contextlib decimal and fractions ftp popen select gzip and zipfile tarfile hashlib ast os shutil sqlite3 html socket ssl nntp certificates imaplib http.client unittest random poplib asyncore tempfile inspect pydoc dis dbm ctypes site sysconfig pdb configparser urllib.parse mailbox turtledemo Multi-threading Optimizations Unicode Codecs Documentation IDLE Code Repository Build and C API Changes Porting to Python 3.2 What’s New In Python 3.1 PEP 372: Ordered Dictionaries PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator Other Language Changes New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules Optimizations IDLE Build and C API Changes Porting to Python 3.1 What’s New In Python 3.0 Common Stumbling Blocks Print Is A Function Views And Iterators Instead Of Lists Ordering Comparisons Integers Text Vs. Data Instead Of Unicode Vs. 8-bit Overview Of Syntax Changes New Syntax Changed Syntax Removed Syntax Changes Already Present In Python 2.6 Library Changes PEP 3101: A New Approach To String Formatting Changes To Exceptions Miscellaneous Other Changes Operators And Special Methods Builtins Build and C API Changes Performance Porting To Python 3.0 What’s New in Python 2.7 The Future for Python 2.x Changes to the Handling of Deprecation Warnings Python 3.1 Features PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collections PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lines PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging PEP 3106: Dictionary Views PEP 3137: The memoryview Object Other Language Changes Interpreter Changes Optimizations New and Improved Modules New module: importlib New module: sysconfig ttk: Themed Widgets for Tk Updated module: unittest Updated module: ElementTree 1.3 Build and C API Changes Capsules Port-Specific Changes: Windows Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X Port-Specific Changes: FreeBSD Other Changes and Fixes Porting to Python 2.7 New Features Added to Python 2.7 Maintenance Releases PEP 434: IDLE Enhancement Exception for All Branches PEP 466: Network Security Enhancements for Python 2.7 Acknowledgements What’s New in Python 2.6 Python 3.0 Changes to the Development Process New Issue Tracker: Roundup New Documentation Format: reStructuredText Using Sphinx PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement Writing Context Managers The contextlib module PEP 366: Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Module PEP 370: Per-user site-packages Directory PEP 371: The multiprocessing Package PEP 3101: Advanced String Formatting PEP 3105: print As a Function PEP 3110: Exception-Handling Changes PEP 3112: Byte Literals PEP 3116: New I/O Library PEP 3118: Revised Buffer Protocol PEP 3119: Abstract Base Classes PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntax PEP 3129: Class Decorators PEP 3141: A Type Hierarchy for Numbers The fractions Module Other Language Changes Optimizations Interpreter Changes New and Improved Modules The ast module The future_builtins module The json module: JavaScript Object Notation The plistlib module: A Property-List Parser ctypes Enhancements Improved SSL Support Deprecations and Removals Build and C API Changes Port-Specific Changes: Windows Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X Port-Specific Changes: IRIX Porting to Python 2.6 Acknowledgements What’s New in Python 2.5 PEP 308: Conditional Expressions PEP 309: Partial Function Application PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1 PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally PEP 342: New Generator Features PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement Writing Context Managers The contextlib module PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type PEP 357: The ‘__index__’ method Other Language Changes Interactive Interpreter Changes Optimizations New, Improved, and Removed Modules The ctypes package The ElementTree package The hashlib package The sqlite3 package The wsgiref package Build and C API Changes Port-Specific Changes Porting to Python 2.5 Acknowledgements What’s New in Python 2.4 PEP 218: Built-In Set Objects PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers PEP 289: Generator Expressions PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods PEP 322: Reverse Iteration PEP 324: New subprocess Module PEP 327: Decimal Data Type Why is Decimal needed? The Decimal type The Context type PEP 328: Multi-line Imports PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions Other Language Changes Optimizations New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules cookielib doctest Build and C API Changes Port-Specific Changes Porting to Python 2.4 Acknowledgements What’s New in Python 2.3 PEP 218: A Standard Set Datatype PEP 255: Simple Generators PEP 263: Source Code Encodings PEP 273: Importing Modules from ZIP Archives PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NT PEP 278: Universal Newline Support PEP 279: enumerate() PEP 282: The logging Package PEP 285: A Boolean Type PEP 293: Codec Error Handling Callbacks PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutils PEP 302: New Import Hooks PEP 305: Comma-separated Files PEP 307: Pickle Enhancements Extended Slices Other Language Changes String Changes Optimizations New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules Date/Time Type The optparse Module Pymalloc: A Specialized Object Allocator Build and C API Changes Port-Specific Changes Other Changes and Fixes Porting to Python 2.3 Acknowledgements What’s New in Python 2.2 Introduction PEPs 252 and 253: Type and Class Changes Old and New Classes Descriptors Multiple Inheritance: The Diamond Rule Attribute Access Related Links PEP 234: Iterators PEP 255: Simple Generators PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers PEP 238: Changing the Division Operator Unicode Changes PEP 227: Nested Scopes New and Improved Modules Interpreter Changes and Fixes Other Changes and Fixes Acknowledgements What’s New in Python 2.1 Introduction PEP 227: Nested Scopes PEP 236: __future__ Directives PEP 207: Rich Comparisons PEP 230: Warning Framework PEP 229: New Build System PEP 205: Weak References PEP 232: Function Attributes PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platforms PEP 217: Interactive Display Hook PEP 208: New Coercion Model PEP 241: Metadata in Python Packages New and Improved Modules Other Changes and Fixes Acknowledgements What’s New in Python 2.0 Introduction What About Python 1.6? New Development Process Unicode List Comprehensions Augmented Assignment String Methods Garbage Collection of Cycles Other Core Changes Minor Language Changes Changes to Built-in Functions Porting to 2.0 Extending/Embedding Changes Distutils: Making Modules Easy to Install XML Modules SAX2 Support DOM Support Relationship to PyXML Module changes New modules IDLE Improvements Deleted and Deprecated Modules Acknowledgements Changelog Python 3.6.5 final? Tests Build Python 3.6.5 release candidate 1? Security Core and Builtins Library Documentation Tests Build Windows macOS IDLE Tools/Demos C API Python 3.6.4 final? Python 3.6.4 release candidate 1? Core and Builtins Library Documentation Tests Build Windows macOS IDLE Tools/Demos C API Python 3.6.3 final? Library Build Python 3.6.3 release candidate 1? Security Core and Builtins Library Documentation Tests Build Windows IDLE Tools/Demos Python 3.6.2 final? Python 3.6.2 release candidate 2? Security Python 3.6.2 release candidate 1? Core and Builtins Library Security Library IDLE C API Build Documentation Tools/Demos Tests Windows Python 3.6.1 final? Core and Builtins Build Python 3.6.1 release candidate 1? Core and Builtins Library IDLE Windows C API Documentation Tests Build Python 3.6.0 final? Python 3.6.0 release candidate 2? Core and Builtins Tools/Demos Windows Build Python 3.6.0 release candidate 1? Core and Builtins Library C API Documentation Tools/Demos Python 3.6.0 beta 4? Core and Builtins Library Documentation Tests Build Python 3.6.0 beta 3? Core and Builtins Library Windows Build Tests Python 3.6.0 beta 2? Core and Builtins Library Windows C API Build Tests Python 3.6.0 beta 1? Core and Builtins Library IDLE C API Tests Build Tools/Demos Windows Python 3.6.0 alpha 4? Core and Builtins Library IDLE Tests Windows Build Python 3.6.0 alpha 3? Core and Builtins Library Security Library Security Library IDLE C API Build Tools/Demos Documentation Tests Python 3.6.0 alpha 2? Core and Builtins Library Security Library Security Library IDLE Documentation Tests Windows Build Windows C API Tools/Demos Python 3.6.0 alpha 1? Core and Builtins Library Security Library Security Library Security Library IDLE Documentation Tests Build Windows Tools/Demos C API Python 3.5.3 final? Python 3.5.3 release candidate 1? Core and Builtins Library Security Library Security Library IDLE C API Documentation Tests Tools/Demos Windows Build Python 3.5.2 final? Core and Builtins Tests IDLE Python 3.5.2 release candidate 1? Core and Builtins Security Library Security Library Security Library Security Library Security Library IDLE Documentation Tests Build Windows Tools/Demos Windows Python 3.5.1 final? Core and Builtins Windows Python 3.5.1 release candidate 1? Core and Builtins Library IDLE Documentation Tests Build Windows Tools/Demos Python 3.5.0 final? Build Python 3.5.0 release candidate 4? Library Build Python 3.5.0 release candidate 3? Core and Builtins Library Python 3.5.0 release candidate 2? Core and Builtins Library Python 3.5.0 release candidate 1? Core and Builtins Library IDLE Documentation Tests Python 3.5.0 beta 4? Core and Builtins Library Build Python 3.5.0 beta 3? Core and Builtins Library Tests Documentation Build Python 3.5.0 beta 2? Core and Builtins Library Python 3.5.0 beta 1? Core and Builtins Library IDLE Tests Documentation Tools/Demos Python 3.5.0 alpha 4? Core and Builtins Library Build Tests Tools/Demos C API Python 3.5.0 alpha 3? Core and Builtins Library Build Tests Tools/Demos Python 3.5.0 alpha 2? Core and Builtins Library Build C API Windows Python 3.5.0 alpha 1? Core and Builtins Library IDLE Build C API Documentation Tests Tools/Demos Windows The Python Tutorial 1. Whetting Your Appetite 2. Using the Python Interpreter 2.1. Invoking the Interpreter 2.1.1. Argument Passing 2.1.2. Interactive Mode 2.2. The Interpreter and Its Environment 2.2.1. Source Code Encoding 3. An Informal Introduction to Python 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator 3.1.1. Numbers 3.1.2. Strings 3.1.3. Lists 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming 4. More Control Flow Tools 4.1. if Statements 4.2. for Statements 4.3. The range() Function 4.4. break and continue Statements, and else Clauses on Loops 4.5. pass Statements 4.6. Defining Functions 4.7. More on Defining Functions 4.7.1. Default Argument Values 4.7.2. Keyword Arguments 4.7.3. Arbitrary Argument Lists 4.7.4. Unpacking Argument Lists 4.7.5. Lambda Expressions 4.7.6. Documentation Strings 4.7.7. Function Annotations 4.8. Intermezzo: Coding Style 5. Data Structures 5.1. More on Lists 5.1.1. Using Lists as Stacks 5.1.2. Using Lists as Queues 5.1.3. List Comprehensions 5.1.4. Nested List Comprehensions 5.2. The del statement 5.3. Tuples and Sequences 5.4. Sets 5.5. Dictionaries 5.6. Looping Techniques 5.7. More on Conditions 5.8. Comparing Sequences and Other Types 6. Modules 6.1. More on Modules 6.1.1. Executing modules as scripts 6.1.2. The Module Search Path 6.1.3. “Compiled” Python files 6.2. Standard Modules 6.3. The dir() Function 6.4. Packages 6.4.1. Importing * From a Package 6.4.2. Intra-package References 6.4.3. Packages in Multiple Directories 7. Input and Output 7.1. Fancier Output Formatting 7.1.1. Old string formatting 7.2. Reading and Writing Files 7.2.1. Methods of File Objects 7.2.2. Saving structured data with json 8. Errors and Exceptions 8.1. Syntax Errors 8.2. Exceptions 8.3. Handling Exceptions 8.4. Raising Exceptions 8.5. User-defined Exceptions 8.6. Defining Clean-up Actions 8.7. Predefined Clean-up Actions 9. Classes 9.1. A Word About Names and Objects 9.2. Python Scopes and Namespaces 9.2.1. Scopes and Namespaces Example 9.3. A First Look at Classes 9.3.1. Class Definition Syntax 9.3.2. Class Objects 9.3.3. Instance Objects 9.3.4. Method Objects 9.3.5. Class and Instance Variables 9.4. Random Remarks 9.5. Inheritance 9.5.1. Multiple Inheritance 9.6. Private Variables 9.7. Odds and Ends 9.8. Iterators 9.9. Generators 9.10. Generator Expressions 10. Brief Tour of the Standard Library 10.1. Operating System Interface 10.2. File Wildcards 10.3. Command Line Arguments 10.4. Error Output Redirection and Program Termination 10.5. String Pattern Matching 10.6. Mathematics 10.7. Internet Access 10.8. Dates and Times 10.9. Data Compression 10.10. Performance Measurement 10.11. Quality Control 10.12. Batteries Included 11. Brief Tour of the Standard Library — Part II 11.1. Output Formatting 11.2. Templating 11.3. Working with Binary Data Record Layouts 11.4. Multi-threading 11.5. Logging 11.6. Weak References 11.7. Tools for Working with Lists 11.8. Decimal Floating Point Arithmetic 12. Virtual Environments and Packages 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Creating Virtual Environments 12.3. Managing Packages with pip 13. What Now? 14. Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution 14.1. Tab Completion and History Editing 14.2. Alternatives to the Interactive Interpreter 15. Floating Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations 15.1. Representation Error 16. Appendix 16.1. Interactive Mode 16.1.1. Error Handling 16.1.2. Executable Python Scripts 16.1.3. The Interactive Startup File 16.1.4. The Customization Modules Python Setup and Usage 1. Command line and environment 1.1. Command line 1.1.1. Interface options 1.1.2. Generic options 1.1.3. Miscellaneous options 1.1.4. Options you shouldn’t use 1.2. Environment variables 1.2.1. Debug-mode variables 2. Using Python on Unix platforms 2.1. Getting and installing the latest version of Python 2.1.1. On Linux 2.1.2. On FreeBSD and OpenBSD 2.1.3. On OpenSolaris 2.2. Building Python 2.3. Python-related paths and files 2.4. Miscellaneous 2.5. Editors and IDEs 3. Using Python on Windows 3.1. Installing Python 3.1.1. Supported Versions 3.1.2. Installation Steps 3.1.3. Removing the MAX_PATH Limitation 3.1.4. Installing Without UI 3.1.5. Installing Without Downloading 3.1.6. Modifying an install 3.1.7. Other Platforms 3.2. Alternative bundles 3.3. Configuring Python 3.3.1. Excursus: Setting environment variables 3.3.2. Finding the Python executable 3.4. Python Launcher for Windows 3.4.1. Getting started 3.4.1.1. From the command-line 3.4.1.2. Virtual environments 3.4.1.3. From a script 3.4.1.4. From file associations 3.4.2. Shebang Lines 3.4.3. Arguments in shebang lines 3.4.4. Customization 3.4.4.1. Customization via INI files 3.4.4.2. Customizing default Python versions 3.4.5. Diagnostics 3.5. Finding modules 3.6. Additional modules 3.6.1. PyWin32 3.6.2. cx_Freeze 3.6.3. WConio 3.7. Compiling Python on Windows 3.8. Embedded Distribution 3.8.1. Python Application 3.8.2. Embedding Python 3.9. Other resources 4. Using Python on a Macintosh 4.1. Getting and Installing MacPython 4.1.1. How to run a Python script 4.1.2. Running scripts with a GUI 4.1.3. Configuration 4.2. The IDE 4.3. Installing Additional Python Packages 4.4. GUI Programming on the Mac 4.5. Distributing Python Applications on the Mac 4.6. Other Resources The Python Language Reference 1. Introduction 1.1. Alternate Implementations 1.2. Notation 2. Lexical analysis 2.1. Line structure 2.1.1. Logical lines 2.1.2. Physical lines 2.1.3. Comments 2.1.4. Encoding declarations 2.1.5. Explicit line joining 2.1.6. Implicit line joining 2.1.7. Blank lines 2.1.8. Indentation 2.1.9. Whitespace between tokens 2.2. Other tokens 2.3. Identifiers and keywords 2.3.1. Keywords 2.3.2. Reserved classes of identifiers 2.4. Literals 2.4.1. String and Bytes literals 2.4.2. String literal concatenation 2.4.3. Formatted string literals 2.4.4. Numeric literals 2.4.5. Integer literals 2.4.6. Floating point literals 2.4.7. Imaginary literals 2.5. Operators 2.6. Delimiters 3. Data model 3.1. Objects, values and types 3.2. The standard type hierarchy 3.3. Special method names 3.3.1. Basic customization 3.3.2. Customizing attribute access 3.3.2.1. Customizing module attribute access 3.3.2.2. Implementing Descriptors 3.3.2.3. Invoking Descriptors 3.3.2.4. __slots__ 3.3.2.4.1. Notes on using __slots__ 3.3.3. Customizing class creation 3.3.3.1. Metaclasses 3.3.3.2. Determining the appropriate metaclass 3.3.3.3. Preparing the class namespace 3.3.3.4. Executing the class body 3.3.3.5. Creating the class object 3.3.3.6. Metaclass example 3.3.4. Customizing instance and subclass checks 3.3.5. Emulating callable objects 3.3.6. Emulating container types 3.3.7. Emulating numeric types 3.3.8. With Statement Context Managers 3.3.9. Special method lookup 3.4. Coroutines 3.4.1. Awaitable Objects 3.4.2. Coroutine Objects 3.4.3. Asynchronous Iterators 3.4.4. Asynchronous Context Managers 4. Execution model 4.1. Structure of a program 4.2. Naming and binding 4.2.1. Binding of names 4.2.2. Resolution of names 4.2.3. Builtins and restricted execution 4.2.4. Interaction with dynamic features 4.3. Exceptions 5. The import system 5.1. importlib 5.2. Packages 5.2.1. Regular packages 5.2.2. Namespace packages 5.3. Searching 5.3.1. The module cache 5.3.2. Finders and loaders 5.3.3. Import hooks 5.3.4. The meta path 5.4. Loading 5.4.1. Loaders 5.4.2. Submodules 5.4.3. Module spec 5.4.4. Import-related module attributes 5.4.5. module.__path__ 5.4.6. Module reprs 5.5. The Path Based Finder 5.5.1. Path entry finders 5.5.2. Path entry finder protocol 5.6. Replacing the standard import system 5.7. Special considerations for __main__ 5.7.1. __main__.__spec__ 5.8. Open issues 5.9. References 6. Expressions 6.1. Arithmetic conversions 6.2. Atoms 6.2.1. Identifiers (Names) 6.2.2. Literals 6.2.3. Parenthesized forms 6.2.4. Displays for lists, sets and dictionaries 6.2.5. List displays 6.2.6. Set displays 6.2.7. Dictionary displays 6.2.8. Generator expressions 6.2.9. Yield expressions 6.2.9.1. Generator-iterator methods 6.2.9.2. Examples 6.2.9.3. Asynchronous generator functions 6.2.9.4. Asynchronous generator-iterator methods 6.3. Primaries 6.3.1. Attribute references 6.3.2. Subscriptions 6.3.3. Slicings 6.3.4. Calls 6.4. Await expression 6.5. The power operator 6.6. Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations 6.7. Binary arithmetic operations 6.8. Shifting operations 6.9. Binary bitwise operations 6.10. Comparisons 6.10.1. Value comparisons 6.10.2. Membership test operations 6.10.3. Identity comparisons 6.11. Boolean operations 6.12. Conditional expressions 6.13. Lambdas 6.14. Expression lists 6.15. Evaluation order 6.16. Operator precedence 7. Simple statements 7.1. Expression statements 7.2. Assignment statements 7.2.1. Augmented assignment statements 7.2.2. Annotated assignment statements 7.3. The assert statement 7.4. The pass statement 7.5. The del statement 7.6. The return statement 7.7. The yield statement 7.8. The raise statement 7.9. The break statement 7.10. The continue statement 7.11. The import statement 7.11.1. Future statements 7.12. The global statement 7.13. The nonlocal statement 8. Compound statements 8.1. The if statement 8.2. The while statement 8.3. The for statement 8.4. The try statement 8.5. The with statement 8.6. Function definitions 8.7. Class definitions 8.8. Coroutines 8.8.1. Coroutine function definition 8.8.2. The async for statement 8.8.3. The async with statement 9. Top-level components 9.1. Complete Python programs 9.2. File input 9.3. Interactive input 9.4. Expression input 10. Full Grammar specification The Python Standard Library 1. Introduction 2. Built-in Functions 3. Built-in Constants 3.1. Constants added by the site module 4. Built-in Types 4.1. Truth Value Testing 4.2. Boolean Operations — and, or, not 4.3. Comparisons 4.4. Numeric Types — int, float, complex 4.4.1. Bitwise Operations on Integer Types 4.4.2. Additional Methods on Integer Types 4.4.3. Additional Methods on Float 4.4.4. Hashing of numeric types 4.5. Iterator Types 4.5.1. Generator Types 4.6. Sequence Types — list, tuple, range 4.6.1. Common Sequence Operations 4.6.2. Immutable Sequence Types 4.6.3. Mutable Sequence Types 4.6.4. Lists 4.6.5. Tuples 4.6.6. Ranges 4.7. Text Sequence Type — str 4.7.1. String Methods 4.7.2. printf-style String Formatting 4.8. Binary Sequence Types — bytes, bytearray, memoryview 4.8.1. Bytes Objects 4.8.2. Bytearray Objects 4.8.3. Bytes and Bytearray Operations 4.8.4. printf-style Bytes Formatting 4.8.5. Memory Views 4.9. Set Types — set, frozenset 4.10. Mapping Types — dict 4.10.1. Dictionary view objects 4.11. Context Manager Types 4.12. Other Built-in Types 4.12.1. Modules 4.12.2. Classes and Class Instances 4.12.3. Functions 4.12.4. Methods 4.12.5. Code Objects 4.12.6. Type Objects 4.12.7. The Null Object 4.12.8. The Ellipsis Object 4.12.9. The NotImplemented Object 4.12.10. Boolean Values 4.12.11. Internal Objects 4.13. Special Attributes 5. Built-in Exceptions 5.1. Base classes 5.2. Concrete exceptions 5.2.1. OS exceptions 5.3. Warnings 5.4. Exception hierarchy 6. Text Processing Services 6.1. string — Common string operations 6.1.1. String constants 6.1.2. Custom String Formatting 6.1.3. Format String Syntax 6.1.3.1. Format Specification Mini-Language 6.1.3.2. Format examples 6.1.4. Template strings 6.1.5. Helper functions 6.2. re — Regular expression operations 6.2.1. Regular Expression Syntax 6.2.2. Module Contents 6.2.3. Regular Expression Objects 6.2.4. Match Objects 6.2.5. Regular Expression Examples 6.2.5.1. Checking for a Pair 6.2.5.2. Simulating scanf() 6.2.5.3. search() vs. match() 6.2.5.4. Making a Phonebook 6.2.5.5. Text Munging 6.2.5.6. Finding all Adverbs 6.2.5.7. Finding all Adverbs and their Positions 6.2.5.8. Raw String Notation 6.2.5.9. Writing a Tokenizer 6.3. difflib — Helpers for computing deltas 6.3.1. SequenceMatcher Objects 6.3.2. SequenceMatcher Examples 6.3.3. Differ Objects 6.3.4. Differ Example 6.3.5. A command-line interface to difflib 6.4. textwrap — Text wrapping and filling 6.5. unicodedata — Unicode Database 6.6. stringprep — Internet String Preparation 6.7. readline — GNU readline interface 6.7.1. Init file 6.7.2. Line buffer 6.7.3. History file 6.7.4. History list 6.7.5. Startup hooks 6.7.6. Completion 6.7.7. Example 6.8. rlcompleter — Completion function for GNU readline 6.8.1. Completer Objects 7. Binary Data Services 7.1. struct — Interpret bytes as packed binary data 7.1.1. Functions and Exceptions 7.1.2. Format Strings 7.1.2.1. Byte Order, Size, and Alignment 7.1.2.2. Format Characters 7.1.2.3. Examples 7.1.3. Classes 7.2. codecs — Codec registry and base classes 7.2.1. Codec Base Classes 7.2.1.1. Error Handlers 7.2.1.2. Stateless Encoding and Decoding 7.2.1.3. Incremental Encoding and Decoding 7.2.1.3.1. IncrementalEncoder Objects 7.2.1.3.2. IncrementalDecoder Objects 7.2.1.4. Stream Encoding and Decoding 7.2.1.4.1. StreamWriter Objects 7.2.1.4.2. StreamReader Objects 7.2.1.4.3. StreamReaderWriter Objects 7.2.1.4.4. StreamRecoder Objects 7.2.2. Encodings and Unicode 7.2.3. Standard Encodings 7.2.4. Python Specific Encodings 7.2.4.1. Text Encodings 7.2.4.2. Binary Transforms 7.2.4.3. Text Transforms 7.2.5. encodings.idna — Internationalized Domain Names in Applications 7.2.6. encodings.mbcs — Windows ANSI codepage 7.2.7. encodings.utf_8_sig — UTF-8 codec with BOM signature 8. Data Types 8.1. datetime — Basic date and time types 8.1.1. Available Types 8.1.2. timedelta Objects 8.1.3. date Objects 8.1.4. datetime Objects 8.1.5. time Objects 8.1.6. tzinfo Objects 8.1.7. timezone Objects 8.1.8. strftime() and strptime() Behavior 8.2. calendar — General calendar-related functions 8.3. collections — Container datatypes 8.3.1. ChainMap objects 8.3.1.1. ChainMap Examples and Recipes 8.3.2. Counter objects 8.3.3. deque objects 8.3.3.1. deque Recipes 8.3.4. defaultdict objects 8.3.4.1. defaultdict Examples 8.3.5. namedtuple() Factory Function for Tuples with Named Fields 8.3.6. OrderedDict objects 8.3.6.1. OrderedDict Examples and Recipes 8.3.7. UserDict objects 8.3.8. UserList objects 8.3.9. UserString objects 8.4. collections.abc — Abstract Base Classes for Containers 8.4.1. Collections Abstract Base Classes 8.5. heapq — Heap queue algorithm 8.5.1. Basic Examples 8.5.2. Priority Queue Implementation Notes 8.5.3. Theory 8.6. bisect — Array bisection algorithm 8.6.1. Searching Sorted Lists 8.6.2. Other Examples 8.7. array — Efficient arrays of numeric values 8.8. weakref — Weak references 8.8.1. Weak Reference Objects 8.8.2. Example 8.8.3. Finalizer Objects 8.8.4. Comparing finalizers with __del__() methods 8.9. types — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types 8.9.1. Dynamic Type Creation 8.9.2. Standard Interpreter Types 8.9.3. Additional Utility Classes and Functions 8.9.4. Coroutine Utility Functions 8.10. copy — Shallow and deep copy operations 8.11. pprint — Data pretty printer 8.11.1. PrettyPrinter Objects 8.11.2. Example 8.12. reprlib — Alternate repr() implementation 8.12.1. Repr Objects 8.12.2. Subclassing Repr Objects 8.13. enum — Support for enumerations 8.13.1. Module Contents 8.13.2. Creating an Enum 8.13.3. Programmatic access to enumeration members and their attributes 8.13.4. Duplicating enum members and values 8.13.5. Ensuring unique enumeration values 8.13.6. Using automatic values 8.13.7. Iteration 8.13.8. Comparisons 8.13.9. Allowed members and attributes of enumerations 8.13.10. Restricted subclassing of enumerations 8.13.11. Pickling 8.13.12. Functional API 8.13.13. Derived Enumerations 8.13.13.1. IntEnum 8.13.13.2. IntFlag 8.13.13.3. Flag 8.13.13.4. Others 8.13.14. Interesting examples 8.13.14.1. Omitting values 8.13.14.1.1. Using auto 8.13.14.1.2. Using object 8.13.14.1.3. Using a descriptive string 8.13.14.1.4. Using a custom __new__() 8.13.14.2. OrderedEnum 8.13.14.3. DuplicateFreeEnum 8.13.14.4. Planet 8.13.15. How are Enums different? 8.13.15.1. Enum Classes 8.13.15.2. Enum Members (aka instances) 8.13.15.3. Finer Points 8.13.15.3.1. Supported __dunder__ names 8.13.15.3.2. Supported _sunder_ names 8.13.15.3.3. Enum member type 8.13.15.3.4. Boolean value of Enum classes and members 8.13.15.3.5. Enum classes with methods 8.13.15.3.6. Combining members of Flag 9. Numeric and Mathematical Modules 9.1. numbers — Numeric abstract base classes 9.1.1. The numeric tower 9.1.2. Notes for type implementors 9.1.2.1. Adding More Numeric ABCs 9.1.2.2. Implementing the arithmetic operations 9.2. math — Mathematical functions 9.2.1. Number-theoretic and representation functions 9.2.2. Power and logarithmic functions 9.2.3. Trigonometric functions 9.2.4. Angular conversion 9.2.5. Hyperbolic functions 9.2.6. Special functions 9.2.7. Constants 9.3. cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbers 9.3.1. Conversions to and from polar coordinates 9.3.2. Power and logarithmic functions 9.3.3. Trigonometric functions 9.3.4. Hyperbolic functions 9.3.5. Classification functions 9.3.6. Constants 9.4. decimal — Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic 9.4.1. Quick-start Tutorial 9.4.2. Decimal objects 9.4.2.1. Logical operands 9.4.3. Context objects 9.4.4. Constants 9.4.5. Rounding modes 9.4.6. Signals 9.4.7. Floating Point Notes 9.4.7.1. Mitigating round-off error with increased precision 9.4.7.2. Special values 9.4.8. Working with threads 9.4.9. Recipes 9.4.10. Decimal FAQ 9.5. fractions — Rational numbers 9.6. random — Generate pseudo-random numbers 9.6.1. Bookkeeping functions 9.6.2. Functions for integers 9.6.3. Functions for sequences 9.6.4. Real-valued distributions 9.6.5. Alternative Generator 9.6.6. Notes on Reproducibility 9.6.7. Examples and Recipes 9.7. statistics — Mathematical statistics functions 9.7.1. Averages and measures of central location 9.7.2. Measures of spread 9.7.3. Function details 9.7.4. Exceptions 10. Functional Programming Modules 10.1. itertools — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping 10.1.1. Itertool functions 10.1.2. Itertools Recipes 10.2. functools — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects 10.2.1. partial Objects 10.3. operator — Standard operators as functions 10.3.1. Mapping Operators to Functions 10.3.2. Inplace Operators 11. File and Directory Access 11.1. pathlib — Object-oriented filesystem paths 11.1.1. Basic use 11.1.2. Pure paths 11.1.2.1. General properties 11.1.2.2. Operators 11.1.2.3. Accessing individual parts 11.1.2.4. Methods and properties 11.1.3. Concrete paths 11.1.3.1. Methods 11.2. os.path — Common pathname manipulations 11.3. fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams 11.4. stat — Interpreting stat() results 11.5. filecmp — File and Directory Comparisons 11.5.1. The dircmp class 11.6. tempfile — Generate temporary files and directories 11.6.1. Examples 11.6.2. Deprecated functions and variables 11.7. glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansion 11.8. fnmatch — Unix filename pattern matching 11.9. linecache — Random access to text lines 11.10. shutil — High-level file operations 11.10.1. Directory and files operations 11.10.1.1. copytree example 11.10.1.2. rmtree example 11.10.2. Archiving operations 11.10.2.1. Archiving example 11.10.3. Querying the size of the output terminal 11.11. macpath — Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions 12. Data Persistence 12.1. pickle — Python object serialization 12.1.1. Relationship to other Python modules 12.1.1.1. Comparison with marshal 12.1.1.2. Comparison with json 12.1.2. Data stream format 12.1.3. Module Interface 12.1.4. What can be pickled and unpickled? 12.1.5. Pickling Class Instances 12.1.5.1. Persistence of External Objects 12.1.5.2. Dispatch Tables 12.1.5.3. Handling Stateful Objects 12.1.6. Restricting Globals 12.1.7. Performance 12.1.8. Examples 12.2. copyreg — Register pickle support functions 12.2.1. Example 12.3. shelve — Python object persistence 12.3.1. Restrictions 12.3.2. Example 12.4. marshal — Internal Python object serialization 12.5. dbm — Interfaces to Unix “databases” 12.5.1. dbm.gnu — GNU’s reinterpretation of dbm 12.5.2. dbm.ndbm — Interface based on ndbm 12.5.3. dbm.dumb — Portable DBM implementation 12.6. sqlite3 — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases 12.6.1. Module functions and constants 12.6.2. Connection Objects 12.6.3. Cursor Objects 12.6.4. Row Objects 12.6.5. Exceptions 12.6.6. SQLite and Python types 12.6.6.1. Introduction 12.6.6.2. Using adapters to store additional Python types in SQLite databases 12.6.6.2.1. Letting your object adapt itself 12.6.6.2.2. Registering an adapter callable 12.6.6.3. Converting SQLite values to custom Python types 12.6.6.4. Default adapters and converters 12.6.7. Controlling Transactions 12.6.8. Using sqlite3 efficiently 12.6.8.1. Using shortcut methods 12.6.8.2. Accessing columns by name instead of by index 12.6.8.3. Using the connection as a context manager 12.6.9. Common issues 12.6.9.1. Multithreading 13. Data Compression and Archiving 13.1. zlib — Compression compatible with gzip 13.2. gzip — Support for gzip files 13.2.1. Examples of usage 13.3. bz2 — Support for bzip2 compression 13.3.1. (De)compression of files 13.3.2. Incremental (de)compression 13.3.3. One-shot (de)compression 13.4. lzma — Compression using the LZMA algorithm 13.4.1. Reading and writing compressed files 13.4.2. Compressing and decompressing data in memory 13.4.3. Miscellaneous 13.4.4. Specifying custom filter chains 13.4.5. Examples 13.5. zipfile — Work with ZIP archives 13.5.1. ZipFile Objects 13.5.2. PyZipFile Objects 13.5.3. ZipInfo Objects 13.5.4. Command-Line Interface 13.5.4.1. Command-line options 13.6. tarfile — Read and write tar archive files 13.6.1. TarFile Objects 13.6.2. TarInfo Objects 13.6.3. Command-Line Interface 13.6.3.1. Command-line options 13.6.4. Examples 13.6.5. Supported tar formats 13.6.6. Unicode issues 14. File Formats 14.1. csv — CSV File Reading and Writing 14.1.1. Module Contents 14.1.2. Dialects and Formatting Parameters 14.1.3. Reader Objects 14.1.4. Writer Objects 14.1.5. Examples 14.2. configparser — Configuration file parser 14.2.1. Quick Start 14.2.2. Supported Datatypes 14.2.3. Fallback Values 14.2.4. Supported INI File Structure 14.2.5. Interpolation of values 14.2.6. Mapping Protocol Access 14.2.7. Customizing Parser Behaviour 14.2.8. Legacy API Examples 14.2.9. ConfigParser Objects 14.2.10. RawConfigParser Objects 14.2.11. Exceptions 14.3. netrc — netrc file processing 14.3.1. netrc Objects 14.4. xdrlib — Encode and decode XDR data 14.4.1. Packer Objects 14.4.2. Unpacker Objects 14.4.3. Exceptions 14.5. plistlib — Generate and parse Mac OS X .plist files 14.5.1. Examples 15. Cryptographic Services 15.1. hashlib — Secure hashes and message digests 15.1.1. Hash algorithms 15.1.2. SHAKE variable length digests 15.1.3. Key derivation 15.1.4. BLAKE2 15.1.4.1. Creating hash objects 15.1.4.2. Constants 15.1.4.3. Examples 15.1.4.3.1. Simple hashing 15.1.4.3.2. Using different digest sizes 15.1.4.3.3. Keyed hashing 15.1.4.3.4. Randomized hashing 15.1.4.3.5. Personalization 15.1.4.3.6. Tree mode 15.1.4.4. Credits 15.2. hmac — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication 15.3. secrets — Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets 15.3.1. Random numbers 15.3.2. Generating tokens 15.3.2.1. How many bytes should tokens use? 15.3.3. Other functions 15.3.4. Recipes and best practices 16. Generic Operating System Services 16.1. os — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces 16.1.1. File Names, Command Line Arguments, and Environment Variables 16.1.2. Process Parameters 16.1.3. File Object Creation 16.1.4. File Descriptor Operations 16.1.4.1. Querying the size of a terminal 16.1.4.2. Inheritance of File Descriptors 16.1.5. Files and Directories 16.1.5.1. Linux extended attributes 16.1.6. Process Management 16.1.7. Interface to the scheduler 16.1.8. Miscellaneous System Information 16.1.9. Random numbers 16.2. io — Core tools for working with streams 16.2.1. Overview 16.2.1.1. Text I/O 16.2.1.2. Binary I/O 16.2.1.3. Raw I/O 16.2.2. High-level Module Interface 16.2.2.1. In-memory streams 16.2.3. Class hierarchy 16.2.3.1. I/O Base Classes 16.2.3.2. Raw File I/O 16.2.3.3. Buffered Streams 16.2.3.4. Text I/O 16.2.4. Performance 16.2.4.1. Binary I/O 16.2.4.2. Text I/O 16.2.4.3. Multi-threading 16.2.4.4. Reentrancy 16.3. time — Time access and conversions 16.3.1. Functions 16.3.2. Clock ID Constants 16.3.3. Timezone Constants 16.4. argparse — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands 16.4.1. Example 16.4.1.1. Creating a parser 16.4.1.2. Adding arguments 16.4.1.3. Parsing arguments 16.4.2. ArgumentParser objects 16.4.2.1. prog 16.4.2.2. usage 16.4.2.3. description 16.4.2.4. epilog 16.4.2.5. parents 16.4.2.6. formatter_class 16.4.2.7. prefix_chars 16.4.2.8. fromfile_prefix_chars 16.4.2.9. argument_default 16.4.2.10. allow_abbrev 16.4.2.11. conflict_handler 16.4.2.12. add_help 16.4.3. The add_argument() method 16.4.3.1. name or flags 16.4.3.2. action 16.4.3.3. nargs 16.4.3.4. const 16.4.3.5. default 16.4.3.6. type 16.4.3.7. choices 16.4.3.8. required 16.4.3.9. help 16.4.3.10. metavar 16.4.3.11. dest 16.4.3.12. Action classes 16.4.4. The parse_args() method 16.4.4.1. Option value syntax 16.4.4.2. Invalid arguments 16.4.4.3. Arguments containing - 16.4.4.4. Argument abbreviations (prefix matching) 16.4.4.5. Beyond sys.argv 16.4.4.6. The Namespace object 16.4.5. Other utilities 16.4.5.1. Sub-commands 16.4.5.2. FileType objects 16.4.5.3. Argument groups 16.4.5.4. Mutual exclusion 16.4.5.5. Parser defaults 16.4.5.6. Printing help 16.4.5.7. Partial parsing 16.4.5.8. Customizing file parsing 16.4.5.9. Exiting methods 16.4.6. Upgrading optparse code 16.5. getopt — C-style parser for command line options 16.6. logging — Logging facility for Python 16.6.1. Logger Objects 16.6.2. Logging Levels 16.6.3. Handler Objects 16.6.4. Formatter Objects 16.6.5. Filter Objects 16.6.6. LogRecord Objects 16.6.7. LogRecord attributes 16.6.8. LoggerAdapter Objects 16.6.9. Thread Safety 16.6.10. Module-Level Functions 16.6.11. Module-Level Attributes 16.6.12. Integration with the warnings module 16.7. logging.config — Logging configuration 16.7.1. Configuration functions 16.7.2. Configuration dictionary schema 16.7.2.1. Dictionary Schema Details 16.7.2.2. Incremental Configuration 16.7.2.3. Object connections 16.7.2.4. User-defined objects 16.7.2.5. Access to external objects 16.7.2.6. Access to internal objects 16.7.2.7. Import resolution and custom importers 16.7.3. Configuration file format 16.8. logging.handlers — Logging handlers 16.8.1. StreamHandler 16.8.2. FileHandler 16.8.3. NullHandler 16.8.4. WatchedFileHandler 16.8.5. BaseRotatingHandler 16.8.6. RotatingFileHandler 16.8.7. TimedRotatingFileHandler 16.8.8. SocketHandler 16.8.9. DatagramHandler 16.8.10. SysLogHandler 16.8.11. NTEventLogHandler 16.8.12. SMTPHandler 16.8.13. MemoryHandler 16.8.14. HTTPHandler 16.8.15. QueueHandler 16.8.16. QueueListener 16.9. getpass — Portable password input 16.10. curses — Terminal handling for character-cell displays 16.10.1. Functions 16.10.2. Window Objects 16.10.3. Constants 16.11. curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programs 16.11.1. Textbox objects 16.12. curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters 16.13. curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses 16.13.1. Functions 16.13.2. Panel Objects 16.14. platform — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data 16.14.1. Cross Platform 16.14.2. Java Platform 16.14.3. Windows Platform 16.14.3.1. Win95/98 specific 16.14.4. Mac OS Platform 16.14.5. Unix Platforms 16.15. errno — Standard errno system symbols 16.16. ctypes — A foreign function library for Python 16.16.1. ctypes tutorial 16.16.1.1. Loading dynamic link libraries 16.16.1.2. Accessing functions from loaded dlls 16.16.1.3. Calling functions 16.16.1.4. Fundamental data types 16.16.1.5. Calling functions, continued 16.16.1.6. Calling functions with your own custom data types 16.16.1.7. Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes) 16.16.1.8. Return types 16.16.1.9. Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference) 16.16.1.10. Structures and unions 16.16.1.11. Structure/union alignment and byte order 16.16.1.12. Bit fields in structures and unions 16.16.1.13. Arrays 16.16.1.14. Pointers 16.16.1.15. Type conversions 16.16.1.16. Incomplete Types 16.16.1.17. Callback functions 16.16.1.18. Accessing values exported from dlls 16.16.1.19. Surprises 16.16.1.20. Variable-sized data types 16.16.2. ctypes reference 16.16.2.1. Finding shared libraries 16.16.2.2. Loading shared libraries 16.16.2.3. Foreign functions 16.16.2.4. Function prototypes 16.16.2.5. Utility functions 16.16.2.6. Data types 16.16.2.7. Fundamental data types 16.16.2.8. Structured data types 16.16.2.9. Arrays and pointers 17. Concurrent Execution 17.1. threading — Thread-based parallelism 17.1.1. Thread-Local Data 17.1.2. Thread Objects 17.1.3. Lock Objects 17.1.4. RLock Objects 17.1.5. Condition Objects 17.1.6. Semaphore Objects 17.1.6.1. Semaphore Example 17.1.7. Event Objects 17.1.8. Timer Objects 17.1.9. Barrier Objects 17.1.10. Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the with statement 17.2. multiprocessing — Process-based parallelism 17.2.1. Introduction 17.2.1.1. The Process class 17.2.1.2. Contexts and start methods 17.2.1.3. Exchanging objects between processes 17.2.1.4. Synchronization between processes 17.2.1.5. Sharing state between processes 17.2.1.6. Using a pool of workers 17.2.2. Reference 17.2.2.1. Process and exceptions 17.2.2.2. Pipes and Queues 17.2.2.3. Miscellaneous 17.2.2.4. Connection Objects 17.2.2.5. Synchronization primitives 17.2.2.6. Shared ctypes Objects 17.2.2.6.1. The multiprocessing.sharedctypes module 17.2.2.7. Managers 17.2.2.7.1. Customized managers 17.2.2.7.2. Using a remote manager 17.2.2.8. Proxy Objects 17.2.2.8.1. Cleanup 17.2.2.9. Process Pools 17.2.2.10. Listeners and Clients 17.2.2.10.1. Address Formats 17.2.2.11. Authentication keys 17.2.2.12. Logging 17.2.2.13. The multiprocessing.dummy module 17.2.3. Programming guidelines 17.2.3.1. All start methods 17.2.3.2. The spawn and forkserver start methods 17.2.4. Examples 17.3. The concurrent package 17.4. concurrent.futures — Launching parallel tasks 17.4.1. Executor Objects 17.4.2. ThreadPoolExecutor 17.4.2.1. ThreadPoolExecutor Example 17.4.3. ProcessPoolExecutor 17.4.3.1. ProcessPoolExecutor Example 17.4.4. Future Objects 17.4.5. Module Functions 17.4.6. Exception classes 17.5. subprocess — Subprocess management 17.5.1. Using the subprocess Module 17.5.1.1. Frequently Used Arguments 17.5.1.2. Popen Constructor 17.5.1.3. Exceptions 17.5.2. Security Considerations 17.5.3. Popen Objects 17.5.4. Windows Popen Helpers 17.5.4.1. Constants 17.5.5. Older high-level API 17.5.6. Replacing Older Functions with the subprocess Module 17.5.6.1. Replacing /bin/sh shell backquote 17.5.6.2. Replacing shell pipeline 17.5.6.3. Replacing os.system() 17.5.6.4. Replacing the os.spawn family 17.5.6.5. Replacing os.popen(), os.popen2(), os.popen3() 17.5.6.6. Replacing functions from the popen2 module 17.5.7. Legacy Shell Invocation Functions 17.5.8. Notes 17.5.8.1. Converting an argument sequence to a string on Windows 17.6. sched — Event scheduler 17.6.1. Scheduler Objects 17.7. queue — A synchronized queue class 17.7.1. Queue Objects 17.8. dummy_threading — Drop-in replacement for the threading module 17.9. _thread — Low-level threading API 17.10. _dummy_thread — Drop-in replacement for the _thread module 18. Interprocess Communication and Networking 18.1. socket — Low-level networking interface 18.1.1. Socket families 18.1.2. Module contents 18.1.2.1. Exceptions 18.1.2.2. Constants 18.1.2.3. Functions 18.1.2.3.1. Creating sockets 18.1.2.3.2. Other functions 18.1.3. Socket Objects 18.1.4. Notes on socket timeouts 18.1.4.1. Timeouts and the connect method 18.1.4.2. Timeouts and the accept method 18.1.5. Example 18.2. ssl — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects 18.2.1. Functions, Constants, and Exceptions 18.2.1.1. Socket creation 18.2.1.2. Context creation 18.2.1.3. Random generation 18.2.1.4. Certificate handling 18.2.1.5. Constants 18.2.2. SSL Sockets 18.2.3. SSL Contexts 18.2.4. Certificates 18.2.4.1. Certificate chains 18.2.4.2. CA certificates 18.2.4.3. Combined key and certificate 18.2.4.4. Self-signed certificates 18.2.5. Examples 18.2.5.1. Testing for SSL support 18.2.5.2. Client-side operation 18.2.5.3. Server-side operation 18.2.6. Notes on non-blocking sockets 18.2.7. Memory BIO Support 18.2.8. SSL session 18.2.9. Security considerations 18.2.9.1. Best defaults 18.2.9.2. Manual settings 18.2.9.2.1. Verifying certificates 18.2.9.2.2. Protocol versions 18.2.9.2.3. Cipher selection 18.2.9.3. Multi-processing 18.2.10. LibreSSL support 18.3. select — Waiting for I/O completion 18.3.1. /dev/poll Polling Objects 18.3.2. Edge and Level Trigger Polling (epoll) Objects 18.3.3. Polling Objects 18.3.4. Kqueue Objects 18.3.5. Kevent Objects 18.4. selectors — High-level I/O multiplexing 18.4.1. Introduction 18.4.2. Classes 18.4.3. Examples 18.5. asyncio — Asynchronous I/O, event loop, coroutines and tasks 18.5.1. Base Event Loop 18.5.1.1. Run an event loop 18.5.1.2. Calls 18.5.1.3. Delayed calls 18.5.1.4. Futures 18.5.1.5. Tasks 18.5.1.6. Creating connections 18.5.1.7. Creating listening connections 18.5.1.8. Watch file descriptors 18.5.1.9. Low-level socket operations 18.5.1.10. Resolve host name 18.5.1.11. Connect pipes 18.5.1.12. UNIX signals 18.5.1.13. Executor 18.5.1.14. Error Handling API 18.5.1.15. Debug mode 18.5.1.16. Server 18.5.1.17. Handle 18.5.1.18. Event loop examples 18.5.1.18.1. Hello World with call_soon() 18.5.1.18.2. Display the current date with call_later() 18.5.1.18.3. Watch a file descriptor for read events 18.5.1.18.4. Set signal handlers for SIGINT and SIGTERM 18.5.2. Event loops 18.5.2.1. Event loop functions 18.5.2.2. Available event loops 18.5.2.3. Platform support 18.5.2.3.1. Windows 18.5.2.3.2. Mac OS X 18.5.2.4. Event loop policies and the default policy 18.5.2.5. Event loop policy interface 18.5.2.6. Access to the global loop policy 18.5.2.7. Customizing the event loop policy 18.5.3. Tasks and coroutines 18.5.3.1. Coroutines 18.5.3.1.1. Example: Hello World coroutine 18.5.3.1.2. Example: Coroutine displaying the current date 18.5.3.1.3. Example: Chain coroutines 18.5.3.2. InvalidStateError 18.5.3.3. TimeoutError 18.5.3.4. Future 18.5.3.4.1. Example: Future with run_until_complete() 18.5.3.4.2. Example: Future with run_forever() 18.5.3.5. Task 18.5.3.5.1. Example: Parallel execution of tasks 18.5.3.6. Task functions 18.5.4. Transports and protocols (callback based API) 18.5.4.1. Transports 18.5.4.1.1. BaseTransport 18.5.4.1.2. ReadTransport 18.5.4.1.3. WriteTransport 18.5.4.1.4. DatagramTransport 18.5.4.1.5. BaseSubprocessTransport 18.5.4.2. Protocols 18.5.4.2.1. Protocol classes 18.5.4.2.2. Connection callbacks 18.5.4.2.3. Streaming protocols 18.5.4.2.4. Datagram protocols 18.5.4.2.5. Flow control callbacks 18.5.4.2.6. Coroutines and protocols 18.5.4.3. Protocol examples 18.5.4.3.1. TCP echo client protocol 18.5.4.3.2. TCP echo server protocol 18.5.4.3.3. UDP echo client protocol 18.5.4.3.4. UDP echo server protocol 18.5.4.3.5. Register an open socket to wait for data using a protocol 18.5.5. Streams (coroutine based API) 18.5.5.1. Stream functions 18.5.5.2. StreamReader 18.5.5.3. StreamWriter 18.5.5.4. StreamReaderProtocol 18.5.5.5. IncompleteReadError 18.5.5.6. LimitOverrunError 18.5.5.7. Stream examples 18.5.5.7.1. TCP echo client using streams 18.5.5.7.2. TCP echo server using streams 18.5.5.7.3. Get HTTP headers 18.5.5.7.4. Register an open socket to wait for data using streams 18.5.6. Subprocess 18.5.6.1. Windows event loop 18.5.6.2. Create a subprocess: high-level API using Process 18.5.6.3. Create a subprocess: low-level API using subprocess.Popen 18.5.6.4. Constants 18.5.6.5. Process 18.5.6.6. Subprocess and threads 18.5.6.7. Subprocess examples 18.5.6.7.1. Subprocess using transport and protocol 18.5.6.7.2. Subprocess using streams 18.5.7. Synchronization primitives 18.5.7.1. Locks 18.5.7.1.1. Lock 18.5.7.1.2. Event 18.5.7.1.3. Condition 18.5.7.2. Semaphores 18.5.7.2.1. Semaphore 18.5.7.2.2. BoundedSemaphore 18.5.8. Queues 18.5.8.1. Queue 18.5.8.2. PriorityQueue 18.5.8.3. LifoQueue 18.5.8.3.1. Exceptions 18.5.9. Develop with asyncio 18.5.9.1. Debug mode of asyncio 18.5.9.2. Cancellation 18.5.9.3. Concurrency and multithreading 18.5.9.4. Handle blocking functions correctly 18.5.9.5. Logging 18.5.9.6. Detect coroutine objects never scheduled 18.5.9.7. Detect exceptions never consumed 18.5.9.8. Chain coroutines correctly 18.5.9.9. Pending task destroyed 18.5.9.10. Close transports and event loops 18.6. asyncore — Asynchronous socket handler 18.6.1. asyncore Example basic HTTP client 18.6.2. asyncore Example basic echo server 18.7. asynchat — Asynchronous socket command/response handler 18.7.1. asynchat Example 18.8. signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events 18.8.1. General rules 18.8.1.1. Execution of Python signal handlers 18.8.1.2. Signals and threads 18.8.2. Module contents 18.8.3. Example 18.9. mmap — Memory-mapped file support 19. Internet Data Handling 19.1. email — An email and MIME handling package 19.1.1. email.message: Representing an email message 19.1.2. email.parser: Parsing email messages 19.1.2.1. FeedParser API 19.1.2.2. Parser API 19.1.2.3. Additional notes 19.1.3. email.generator: Generating MIME documents 19.1.4. email.policy: Policy Objects 19.1.5. email.errors: Exception and Defect classes 19.1.6. email.headerregistry: Custom Header Objects 19.1.7. email.contentmanager: Managing MIME Content 19.1.7.1. Content Manager Instances 19.1.8. email: Examples 19.1.9. email.message.Message: Representing an email message using the compat32 API 19.1.10. email.mime: Creating email and MIME objects from scratch 19.1.11. email.header: Internationalized headers 19.1.12. email.charset: Representing character sets 19.1.13. email.encoders: Encoders 19.1.14. email.utils: Miscellaneous utilities 19.1.15. email.iterators: Iterators 19.2. json — JSON encoder and decoder 19.2.1. Basic Usage 19.2.2. Encoders and Decoders 19.2.3. Exceptions 19.2.4. Standard Compliance and Interoperability 19.2.4.1. Character Encodings 19.2.4.2. Infinite and NaN Number Values 19.2.4.3. Repeated Names Within an Object 19.2.4.4. Top-level Non-Object, Non-Array Values 19.2.4.5. Implementation Limitations 19.2.5. Command Line Interface 19.2.5.1. Command line options 19.3. mailcap — Mailcap file handling 19.4. mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats 19.4.1. Mailbox objects 19.4.1.1. Maildir 19.4.1.2. mbox 19.4.1.3. MH 19.4.1.4. Babyl 19.4.1.5. MMDF 19.4.2. Message objects 19.4.2.1. MaildirMessage 19.4.2.2. mboxMessage 19.4.2.3. MHMessage 19.4.2.4. BabylMessage 19.4.2.5. MMDFMessage 19.4.3. Exceptions 19.4.4. Examples 19.5. mimetypes — Map filenames to MIME types 19.5.1. MimeTypes Objects 19.6. base64 — Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 Data Encodings 19.7. binhex — Encode and decode binhex4 files 19.7.1. Notes 19.8. binascii — Convert between binary and ASCII 19.9. quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data 19.10. uu — Encode and decode uuencode files 20. Structured Markup Processing Tools 20.1. html — HyperText Markup Language support 20.2. html.parser — Simple HTML and XHTML parser 20.2.1. Example HTML Parser Application 20.2.2. HTMLParser Methods 20.2.3. Examples 20.3. html.entities — Definitions of HTML general entities 20.4. XML Processing Modules 20.4.1. XML vulnerabilities 20.4.2. The defusedxml and defusedexpat Packages 20.5. xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API 20.5.1. Tutorial 20.5.1.1. XML tree and elements 20.5.1.2. Parsing XML 20.5.1.3. Pull API for non-blocking parsing 20.5.1.4. Finding interesting elements 20.5.1.5. Modifying an XML File 20.5.1.6. Building XML documents 20.5.1.7. Parsing XML with Namespaces 20.5.1.8. Additional resources 20.5.2. XPath support 20.5.2.1. Example 20.5.2.2. Supported XPath syntax 20.5.3. Reference 20.5.3.1. Functions 20.5.3.2. Element Objects 20.5.3.3. ElementTree Objects 20.5.3.4. QName Objects 20.5.3.5. TreeBuilder Objects 20.5.3.6. XMLParser Objects 20.5.3.7. XMLPullParser Objects 20.5.3.8. Exceptions 20.6. xml.dom — The Document Object Model API 20.6.1. Module Contents 20.6.2. Objects in the DOM 20.6.2.1. DOMImplementation Objects 20.6.2.2. Node Objects 20.6.2.3. NodeList Objects 20.6.2.4. DocumentType Objects 20.6.2.5. Document Objects 20.6.2.6. Element Objects 20.6.2.7. Attr Objects 20.6.2.8. NamedNodeMap Objects 20.6.2.9. Comment Objects 20.6.2.10. Text and CDATASection Objects 20.6.2.11. ProcessingInstruction Objects 20.6.2.12. Exceptions 20.6.3. Conformance 20.6.3.1. Type Mapping 20.6.3.2. Accessor Methods 20.7. xml.dom.minidom — Minimal DOM implementation 20.7.1. DOM Objects 20.7.2. DOM Example 20.7.3. minidom and the DOM standard 20.8. xml.dom.pulldom — Support for building partial DOM trees 20.8.1. DOMEventStream Objects 20.9. xml.sax — Support for SAX2 parsers 20.9.1. SAXException Objects 20.10. xml.sax.handler — Base classes for SAX handlers 20.10.1. ContentHandler Objects 20.10.2. DTDHandler Objects 20.10.3. EntityResolver Objects 20.10.4. ErrorHandler Objects 20.11. xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilities 20.12. xml.sax.xmlreader — Interface for XML parsers 20.12.1. XMLReader Objects 20.12.2. IncrementalParser Objects 20.12.3. Locator Objects 20.12.4. InputSource Objects 20.12.5. The Attributes Interface 20.12.6. The AttributesNS Interface 20.13. xml.parsers.expat — Fast XML parsing using Expat 20.13.1. XMLParser Objects 20.13.2. ExpatError Exceptions 20.13.3. Example 20.13.4. Content Model Descriptions 20.13.5. Expat error constants 21. Internet Protocols and Support 21.1. webbrowser — Convenient Web-browser controller 21.1.1. Browser Controller Objects 21.2. cgi — Common Gateway Interface support 21.2.1. Introduction 21.2.2. Using the cgi module 21.2.3. Higher Level Interface 21.2.4. Functions 21.2.5. Caring about security 21.2.6. Installing your CGI script on a Unix system 21.2.7. Testing your CGI script 21.2.8. Debugging CGI scripts 21.2.9. Common problems and solutions 21.3. cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scripts 21.4. wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation 21.4.1. wsgiref.util – WSGI environment utilities 21.4.2. wsgiref.headers – WSGI response header tools 21.4.3. wsgiref.simple_server – a simple WSGI HTTP server 21.4.4. wsgiref.validate — WSGI conformance checker 21.4.5. wsgiref.handlers – server/gateway base classes 21.4.6. Examples 21.5. urllib — URL handling modules 21.6. urllib.request — Extensible library for opening URLs 21.6.1. Request Objects 21.6.2. OpenerDirector Objects 21.6.3. BaseHandler Objects 21.6.4. HTTPRedirectHandler Objects 21.6.5. HTTPCookieProcessor Objects 21.6.6. ProxyHandler Objects 21.6.7. HTTPPasswordMgr Objects 21.6.8. HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth Objects 21.6.9. AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects 21.6.10. HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects 21.6.11. ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects 21.6.12. AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects 21.6.13. HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects 21.6.14. ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects 21.6.15. HTTPHandler Objects 21.6.16. HTTPSHandler Objects 21.6.17. FileHandler Objects 21.6.18. DataHandler Objects 21.6.19. FTPHandler Objects 21.6.20. CacheFTPHandler Objects 21.6.21. UnknownHandler Objects 21.6.22. HTTPErrorProcessor Objects 21.6.23. Examples 21.6.24. Legacy interface 21.6.25. urllib.request Restrictions 21.7. urllib.response — Response classes used by urllib 21.8. urllib.parse — Parse URLs into components 21.8.1. URL Parsing 21.8.2. Parsing ASCII Encoded Bytes 21.8.3. Structured Parse Results 21.8.4. URL Quoting 21.9. urllib.error — Exception classes raised by urllib.request 21.10. urllib.robotparser — Parser for robots.txt 21.11. http — HTTP modules 21.11.1. HTTP status codes 21.12. http.client — HTTP protocol client 21.12.1. HTTPConnection Objects 21.12.2. HTTPResponse Objects 21.12.3. Examples 21.12.4. HTTPMessage Objects 21.13. ftplib — FTP protocol client 21.13.1. FTP Objects 21.13.2. FTP_TLS Objects 21.14. poplib — POP3 protocol client 21.14.1. POP3 Objects 21.14.2. POP3 Example 21.15. imaplib — IMAP4 protocol client 21.15.1. IMAP4 Objects 21.15.2. IMAP4 Example 21.16. nntplib — NNTP protocol client 21.16.1. NNTP Objects 21.16.1.1. Attributes 21.16.1.2. Methods 21.16.2. Utility functions 21.17. smtplib — SMTP protocol client 21.17.1. SMTP Objects 21.17.2. SMTP Example 21.18. smtpd — SMTP Server 21.18.1. SMTPServer Objects 21.18.2. DebuggingServer Objects 21.18.3. PureProxy Objects 21.18.4. MailmanProxy Objects 21.18.5. SMTPChannel Objects 21.19. telnetlib — Telnet client 21.19.1. Telnet Objects 21.19.2. Telnet Example 21.20. uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122 21.20.1. Example 21.21. socketserver — A framework for network servers 21.21.1. Server Creation Notes 21.21.2. Server Objects 21.21.3. Request Handler Objects 21.21.4. Examples 21.21.4.1. socketserver.TCPServer Example 21.21.4.2. socketserver.UDPServer Example 21.21.4.3. Asynchronous Mixins 21.22. http.server — HTTP servers 21.23. http.cookies — HTTP state management 21.23.1. Cookie Objects 21.23.2. Morsel Objects 21.23.3. Example 21.24. http.cookiejar — Cookie handling for HTTP clients 21.24.1. CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects 21.24.2. FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers 21.24.3. CookiePolicy Objects 21.24.4. DefaultCookiePolicy Objects 21.24.5. Cookie Objec
最全的oracle常用命令大全.txt
12-09
ORACLE常用命令 一、ORACLE的启动和关闭 1、在单机环境下 要想启动或关闭ORACLE系统必须首先切换到ORACLE用户，如下 su - oracle a、启动ORACLE系统 oracle>svrmgrl SVRMGR>connect internal SVRMGR>startup SVRMGR>quit b、关闭ORACLE系统 oracle>svrmgrl SVRMGR>connect internal SVRMGR>shutdown SVRMGR>quit 启动oracle9i数据库命令： $ sqlplus /nolog SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production on Fri Oct 31 13:53:53 2003 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. SQL> connect / as sysdba Connected to an idle instance. SQL> startup^C SQL> startup ORACLE instance started. 2、在双机环境下 要想启动或关闭ORACLE系统必须首先切换到root用户，如下 su － root a、启动ORACLE系统 hareg －y oracle b、关闭ORACLE系统 hareg －n oracle Oracle数据库有哪几种启动方式 说明： 有以下几种启动方式： 1、startup nomount 非安装启动，这种方式启动下可执行：重建控制文件、重建数据库 读取init.ora文件，启动instance，即启动SGA和后台进程，这种启动只需要init.ora文件。 2、startup mount dbname 安装启动，这种方式启动下可执行： 数据库日志归档、 数据库介质恢复、 使数据文件联机或脱机， 重新定位数据文件、重做日志文件。 执行“nomount”，然后打开控制文件，确认数据文件和联机日志文件的位置， 但此时不对数据文件和日志文件进行校验检查。 3、startup open dbname 先执行“nomount”，然后执行“mount”，再打开包括Redo log文件在内的所有数据库文件， 这种方式下可访问数据库中的数据。 4、startup，等于以下三个命令 startup nomount alter database mount alter database open 5、startup restrict 约束方式启动 这种方式能够启动数据库，但只允许具有一定特权的用户访问 非特权用户访问时，会出现以下提示： ERROR： ORA-01035: ORACLE 只允许具有 RESTRICTED SESSION 权限的用户使用 6、startup force 强制启动方式 当不能关闭数据库时，可以用startup force来完成数据库的关闭 先关闭数据库，再执行正常启动数据库命令 7、startup pfile=参数文件名 带初始化参数文件的启动方式 先读取参数文件，再按参数文件中的设置启动数据库 例：startup pfile=E:Oracleadminoradbpfileinit.ora 8、startup EXCLUSIVE 二、用户如何有效地利用数据字典 　ORACLE的数据字典是数据库的重要组成部分之一，它随着数据库的产生而产生, 随着数据库的变化而变化, 体现为sys用户下的一些表和视图。数据字典名称是大写的英文字符。 数据字典里存有用户信息、用户的权限信息、所有数据对象信息、表的约束条件、统计分析数据库的视图等。 我们不能手工修改数据字典里的信息。 　　很多时候，一般的ORACLE用户不知道如何有效地利用它。 　　dictionary　　　全部数据字典表的名称和解释，它有一个同义词dict dict_column　　 全部数据字典表里字段名称和解释 如果我们想查询跟索引有关的数据字典时，可以用下面这条SQL语句: SQL>select * from dictionary where instr(comments,'index')>0; 如果我们想知道user_indexes表各字段名称的详细含义，可以用下面这条SQL语句: SQL>select column_name,comments from dict_columns where table_name='USER_INDEXES'; 依此类推，就可以轻松知道数据字典的详细名称和解释，不用查看ORACLE的其它文档资料了。 下面按类别列出一些ORACLE用户常用数据字典的查询使用方法。 1、用户 查看当前用户的缺省表空间 SQL>select username,default_tablespace from user_users; 查看当前用户的角色 SQL>select * from user_role_privs; 查看当前用户的系统权限和表级权限 SQL>select * from user_sys_privs; SQL>select * from user_tab_privs; 2、表 查看用户下所有的表 SQL>select * from user_tables; 查看名称包含log字符的表 SQL>select object_name,object_id from user_objects where instr(object_name,'LOG')>0; 查看某表的创建时间 SQL>select object_name,created from user_objects where object_name=upper('&table_name'); 查看某表的大小 SQL>select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as "size(M)" from user_segments where segment_name=upper('&table_name'); 查看放在ORACLE的内存区里的表 SQL>select table_name,cache from user_tables where instr(cache,'Y')>0; 3、索引 查看索引个数和类别 SQL>select index_name,index_type,table_name from user_indexes order by table_name; 查看索引被索引的字段 SQL>select * from user_ind_columns where index_name=upper('&index_name'); 查看索引的大小 SQL>select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as "size(M)" from user_segments where segment_name=upper('&index_name'); 4、序列号 查看序列号，last_number是当前值 SQL>select * from user_sequences; 5、视图 查看视图的名称 SQL>select view_name from user_views; 查看创建视图的select语句 SQL>set view_name,text_length from user_views; SQL>set long 2000; 说明：可以根据视图的text_length值设定set long 的大小 SQL>select text from user_views where view_name=upper('&view_name'); 6、同义词 查看同义词的名称 SQL>select * from user_synonyms; 7、约束条件 查看某表的约束条件 SQL>select constraint_name, constraint_type,search_condition, r_constraint_name from user_constraints where table_name = upper('&table_name'); SQL>select c.constraint_name,c.constraint_type,cc.column_name from user_constraints c,user_cons_columns cc where c.owner = upper('&table_owner') and c.table_name = upper('&table_name') and c.owner = cc.owner and c.constraint_name = cc.constraint_name order by cc.position; 8、存储函数和过程 查看函数和过程的状态 SQL>select object_name,status from user_objects where object_type='FUNCTION'; SQL>select object_name,status from user_objects where object_type='PROCEDURE'; 查看函数和过程的源代码 SQL>select text from all_source where owner=user and name=upper('&plsql_name'); 三、查看数据库的SQL 1、查看表空间的名称及大小 select t.tablespace_name, round(sum(bytes/(1024*1024)),0) ts_size from dba_tablespaces t, dba_data_files d where t.tablespace_name = d.tablespace_name group by t.tablespace_name; 2、查看表空间物理文件的名称及大小 select tablespace_name, file_id, file_name, round(bytes/(1024*1024),0) total_space from dba_data_files order by tablespace_name; 3、查看回滚段名称及大小 select segment_name, tablespace_name, r.status, (initial_extent/1024) InitialExtent,(next_extent/1024) NextExtent, max_extents, v.curext CurExtent From dba_rollback_segs r, v$rollstat v Where r.segment_id = v.usn(+) order by segment_name ; 4、查看控制文件 select name from v$controlfile; 5、查看日志文件 select member from v$logfile; 6、查看表空间的使用情况 select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as free_space,tablespace_name from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name; SELECT A.TABLESPACE_NAME,A.BYTES TOTAL,B.BYTES USED, C.BYTES FREE, (B.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% USED",(C.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% FREE" FROM SYS.SM$TS_AVAIL A,SYS.SM$TS_USED B,SYS.SM$TS_FREE C WHERE A.TABLESPACE_NAME=B.TABLESPACE_NAME AND A.TABLESPACE_NAME=C.TABLESPACE_NAME; 7、查看数据库库对象 select owner, object_type, status, count(*) count# from all_objects group by owner, object_type, status; 8、查看数据库的版本 Select version FROM Product_component_version Where SUBSTR(PRODUCT,1,6)='Oracle'; 9、查看数据库的创建日期和归档方式 Select Created, Log_Mode, Log_Mode From V$Database; 四、ORACLE用户连接的管理 用系统管理员，查看当前数据库有几个用户连接： SQL> select username,sid,serial# from v$session; 如果要停某个连接用 SQL> alter system kill session 'sid,serial#'; 如果这命令不行,找它UNIX的进程数 SQL> select pro.spid from v$session ses,v$process pro where ses.sid=21 and ses.paddr=pro.addr; 说明：21是某个连接的sid数 然后用 kill 命令杀此进程号。 五、SQL*PLUS使用 a、近入SQL*Plus $sqlplus 用户名/密码 退出SQL*Plus SQL>exit b、在sqlplus下得到帮助信息 列出全部SQL命令和SQL*Plus命令 SQL>help 列出某个特定的命令的信息 SQL>help 命令名 c、显示表结构命令DESCRIBE SQL>DESC 表名 d、SQL*Plus中的编辑命令 显示SQL缓冲区命令 SQL>L 修改SQL命令 首先要将待改正行变为当前行 SQL>n 用CHANGE命令修改内容 SQL>c/旧/新 重新确认是否已正确 SQL>L 使用INPUT命令可以在SQL缓冲区中增加一行或多行 SQL>i SQL>输入内容 e、调用外部系统编辑器 SQL>edit 文件名 可以使用DEFINE命令设置系统变量EDITOR来改变文本编辑器的类型，在login.sql文件中定义如下一行 DEFINE_EDITOR=vi f、运行命令文件 SQL>START test SQL>@test 常用SQL*Plus语句 a、表的创建、修改、删除 创建表的命令格式如下： create table 表名 （列说明列表）； 为基表增加新列命令如下： ALTER TABLE 表名 ADD （列说明列表） 例：为test表增加一列Age，用来存放年龄 sql>alter table test add （Age number(3)）； 修改基表列定义命令如下： ALTER TABLE 表名 MODIFY （列名 数据类型） 例：将test表中的Count列宽度加长为10个字符 sql>alter atble test modify （County char(10)）； b、将一张表删除语句的格式如下： DORP TABLE 表名； 例：表删除将同时删除表的数据和表的定义 sql>drop table test c、表空间的创建、删除 六、ORACLE逻辑备份的SH文件 完全备份的SH文件：exp_comp.sh rq=` date +"%m%d" ` su - oracle -c "exp system/manager full=y inctype=complete file=/oracle/export/db_comp$rq.dmp" 累计备份的SH文件：exp_cumu.sh rq=` date +"%m%d" ` su - oracle -c "exp system/manager full=y inctype=cumulative file=/oracle/export/db_cumu$rq.dmp" 增量备份的SH文件: exp_incr.sh rq=` date +"%m%d" ` su - oracle -c "exp system/manager full=y inctype=incremental file=/oracle/export/db_incr$rq.dmp" root用户crontab文件 /var/spool/cron/crontabs/root增加以下内容 0 2 1 * * /oracle/exp_comp.sh 30 2 * * 0-5 /oracle/exp_incr.sh 45 2 * * 6 /oracle/exp_cumu.sh 当然这个时间表可以根据不同的需求来改变的，这只是一个例子。 七、ORACLE 常用的SQL语法和数据对象 一.数据控制语句 (DML) 部分 1.INSERT (往数据表里插入记录的语句) INSERT INTO 表名(字段名1, 字段名2, ……) VALUES ( 值1, 值2, ……); INSERT INTO 表名(字段名1, 字段名2, ……) SELECT (字段名1, 字段名2, ……) FROM 另外的表名; 字符串类型的字段值必须用单引号括起来, 例如: ’GOOD DAY’ 如果字段值里包含单引号’ 需要进行字符串转换, 我们把它替换成两个单引号''. 字符串类型的字段值超过定义的长度会出错, 最好在插入前进行长度校验. 日期字段的字段值可以用当前数据库的系统时间SYSDATE, 精确到秒 或者用字符串转换成日期型函数TO_DATE(‘2001-08-01’,’YYYY-MM-DD’) TO_DATE()还有很多种日期格式, 可以参看ORACLE DOC. 年-月-日 小时:分钟:秒 的格式YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS INSERT时最大可操作的字符串长度小于等于4000个单字节, 如果要插入更长的字符串, 请考虑字段用CLOB类型, 方法借用ORACLE里自带的DBMS_LOB程序包. INSERT时如果要用到从1开始自动增长的序列号, 应该先建立一个序列号 CREATE SEQUENCE 序列号的名称 (最好是表名+序列号标记) INCREMENT BY 1 START WITH 1 MAXVALUE 99999 CYCLE NOCACHE; 其中最大的值按字段的长度来定, 如果定义的自动增长的序列号 NUMBER(6) , 最大值为999999 INSERT 语句插入这个字段值为: 序列号的名称.NEXTVAL 2.DELETE (删除数据表里记录的语句) DELETE FROM表名 WHERE 条件; 注意：删除记录并不能释放ORACLE里被占用的数据块表空间. 它只把那些被删除的数据块标成unused. 如果确实要删除一个大表里的全部记录, 可以用 TRUNCATE 命令, 它可以释放占用的数据块表空间 TRUNCATE TABLE 表名; 此操作不可回退. 3.UPDATE (修改数据表里记录的语句) UPDATE表名 SET 字段名1=值1, 字段名2=值2, …… WHERE 条件; 如果修改的值N没有赋值或定义时, 将把原来的记录内容清为NULL, 最好在修改前进行非空校验; 值N超过定义的长度会出错, 最好在插入前进行长度校验.. 注意事项: A. 以上SQL语句对表都加上了行级锁, 确认完成后, 必须加上事物处理结束的命令 COMMIT 才能正式生效, 否则改变不一定写入数据库里. 如果想撤回这些操作, 可以用命令 ROLLBACK 复原. B. 在运行INSERT, DELETE 和 UPDATE 语句前最好估算一下可能操作的记录范围, 应该把它限定在较小 (一万条记录) 范围内,. 否则ORACLE处理这个事物用到很大的回退段. 程序响应慢甚至失去响应. 如果记录数上十万以上这些操作, 可以把这些SQL语句分段分次完成, 其间加上COMMIT 确认事物处理. 二.数据定义 (DDL) 部分 1.CREATE (创建表, 索引, 视图, 同义词, 过程, 函数, 数据库链接等) ORACLE常用的字段类型有 CHAR 固定长度的字符串 VARCHAR2 可变长度的字符串 NUMBER(M,N) 数字型M是位数总长度, N是小数的长度 DATE 日期类型 创建表时要把较小的不为空的字段放在前面, 可能为空的字段放在后面 创建表时可以用中文的字段名, 但最好还是用英文的字段名 创建表时可以给字段加上默认值, 例如 DEFAULT SYSDATE 这样每次插入和修改时, 不用程序操作这个字段都能得到动作的时间 创建表时可以给字段加上约束条件 例如 不允许重复 UNIQUE, 关键字 PRIMARY KEY 2.ALTER (改变表, 索引, 视图等) 改变表的名称 ALTER TABLE 表名1 TO 表名2; 在表的后面增加一个字段 ALTER TABLE表名 ADD 字段名 字段名描述; 修改表里字段的定义描述 ALTER TABLE表名 MODIFY字段名 字段名描述; 给表里的字段加上约束条件 ALTER TABLE 表名 ADD CONSTRAINT 约束名 PRIMARY KEY (字段名); ALTER TABLE 表名 ADD CONSTRAINT 约束名 UNIQUE (字段名); 把表放在或取出数据库的内存区 ALTER TABLE 表名 CACHE; ALTER TABLE 表名 NOCACHE; 3.DROP (删除表, 索引, 视图, 同义词, 过程, 函数, 数据库链接等) 删除表和它所有的约束条件 DROP TABLE 表名 CASCADE CONSTRAINTS; 4.TRUNCATE (清空表里的所有记录, 保留表的结构) TRUNCATE 表名; 三.查询语句 (SELECT) 部分 SELECT字段名1, 字段名2, …… FROM 表名1, [表名2, ……] WHERE 条件; 字段名可以带入函数 例如: COUNT(*), MIN(字段名), MAX(字段名), AVG(字段名), DISTINCT(字段名), TO_CHAR(DATE字段名,'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS') NVL(EXPR1, EXPR2)函数 解释: IF EXPR1=NULL RETURN EXPR2 ELSE RETURN EXPR1 DECODE(AA﹐V1﹐R1﹐V2﹐R2....)函数 解释: IF AA=V1 THEN RETURN R1 IF AA=V2 THEN RETURN R2 ..… ELSE RETURN NULL LPAD(char1,n,char2)函数 解释: 字符char1按制定的位数n显示，不足的位数用char2字符串替换左边的空位 字段名之间可以进行算术运算 例如: (字段名1*字段名1)/3 查询语句可以嵌套 例如: SELECT …… FROM (SELECT …… FROM表名1, [表名2, ……] WHERE 条件) WHERE 条件2; 两个查询语句的结果可以做集合操作 例如: 并集UNION(去掉重复记录), 并集UNION ALL(不去掉重复记录), 差集MINUS, 交集INTERSECT 分组查询 SELECT字段名1, 字段名2, …… FROM 表名1, [表名2, ……] GROUP BY字段名1 [HAVING 条件] ; 两个以上表之间的连接查询 SELECT字段名1, 字段名2, …… FROM 表名1, [表名2, ……] WHERE 表名1.字段名 = 表名2. 字段名 [ AND ……] ; SELECT字段名1, 字段名2, …… FROM 表名1, [表名2, ……] WHERE 表名1.字段名 = 表名2. 字段名(+) [ AND ……] ; 有(+)号的字段位置自动补空值 查询结果集的排序操作, 默认的排序是升序ASC, 降序是DESC SELECT字段名1, 字段名2, …… FROM 表名1, [表名2, ……] ORDER BY字段名1, 字段名2 DESC; 字符串模糊比较的方法 INSTR(字段名, ‘字符串’)>0 字段名 LIKE ‘字符串%’ [‘%字符串%’] 每个表都有一个隐含的字段ROWID, 它标记着记录的唯一性. 四.ORACLE里常用的数据对象 (SCHEMA) 1.索引 (INDEX) CREATE INDEX 索引名ON 表名 ( 字段1, [字段2, ……] ); ALTER INDEX 索引名 REBUILD; 一个表的索引最好不要超过三个 (特殊的大表除外), 最好用单字段索引, 结合SQL语句的分析执行情况, 也可以建立多字段的组合索引和基于函数的索引 ORACLE8.1.7字符串可以索引的最大长度为1578 单字节 ORACLE8.0.6字符串可以索引的最大长度为758 单字节 2.视图 (VIEW) CREATE VIEW 视图名AS SELECT …. FROM …..; ALTER VIEW视图名 COMPILE; 视图仅是一个SQL查询语句, 它可以把表之间复杂的关系简洁化. 3.同义词 (SYNONMY) CREATE SYNONYM同义词名FOR 表名; CREATE SYNONYM同义词名FOR 表名@数据库链接名; 4.数据库链接 (DATABASE LINK) CREATE DATABASE LINK数据库链接名CONNECT TO 用户名 IDENTIFIED BY 密码 USING ‘数据库连接字符串’; 数据库连接字符串可以用NET8 EASY CONFIG或者直接修改TNSNAMES.ORA里定义. 数据库参数global_name=true时要求数据库链接名称跟远端数据库名称一样 数据库全局名称可以用以下命令查出 SELECT * FROM GLOBAL_NAME; 查询远端数据库里的表 SELECT …… FROM 表名@数据库链接名; 五.权限管理 (DCL) 语句 1.GRANT 赋于权限 常用的系统权限集合有以下三个: CONNECT(基本的连接), RESOURCE(程序开发), DBA(数据库管理) 常用的数据对象权限有以下五个: ALL ON 数据对象名, SELECT ON 数据对象名, UPDATE ON 数据对象名, DELETE ON 数据对象名, INSERT ON 数据对象名, ALTER ON 数据对象名 GRANT CONNECT, RESOURCE TO 用户名; GRANT SELECT ON 表名 TO 用户名; GRANT SELECT, INSERT, DELETE ON表名 TO 用户名1, 用户名2; 2.REVOKE 回收权限 REVOKE CONNECT, RESOURCE FROM 用户名; REVOKE SELECT ON 表名 FROM 用户名; REVOKE SELECT, INSERT, DELETE ON表名 FROM 用户名1, 用户名2; 查询数据库中第63号错误： select orgaddr,destaddr from sm_histable0116 where error_code='63'; 查询数据库中开户用户最大提交和最大下发数： select MSISDN,TCOS,OCOS from ms_usertable； 查询数据库中各种错误代码的总和： select error_code,count(*) from sm_histable0513 group by error_code order by error_code; 查询报表数据库中话单统计种类查询。 select sum(Successcount) from tbl_MiddleMt0411 where ServiceType2=111 select sum(successcount),servicetype from tbl_middlemt0411 group by servicetype 原文地址：http://www.cnoug.org/viewthread.php?tid=60293 //创建一个控制文件命令到跟踪文件 alter database backup controlfile to trace; //增加一个新的日志文件组的语句 connect internal as sysdba alter database add logfile group 4 (’/db01/oracle/CC1/log_1c.dbf’, ’/db02/oracle/CC1/log_2c.dbf’) size 5M; alter database add logfile member ’/db03/oracle/CC1/log_3c.dbf’ to group 4; //在Server Manager上MOUNT并打开一个数据库: connect internal as sysdba startup mount ORA1 exclusive; alter database open; //生成数据字典 @catalog @catproc //在init.ora 中备份数据库的位置 log_archive_dest_1 = ’/db00/arch’ log_archive_dest_state_1 = enable log_archive_dest_2 = "service=stby.world mandatory reopen=60" log_archive_dest_state_2 = enable //对用户的表空间的指定和管理相关的语句 create user USERNAME identified by PASSWORD default tablespace TABLESPACE_NAME; alter user USERNAME default tablespace TABLESPACE_NAME; alter user SYSTEM quota 0 on SYSTEM; alter user SYSTEM quota 50M on TOOLS; create user USERNAME identified by PASSWORD default tablespace DATA temporary tablespace TEMP; alter user USERNAME temporary tablespace TEMP; //重新指定一个数据文件的大小 : alter database datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ resize 200M; //创建一个自动扩展的数据文件: create tablespace DATA datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ size 200M autoextend ON next 10M maxsize 250M; //在表空间上增加一个自动扩展的数据文件: alter tablespace DATA add datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data02.dbf’ size 50M autoextend ON maxsize 300M; //修改参数: alter database datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ autoextend ON maxsize 300M; //在数据文件移动期间重新命名: alter database rename file ’/db01/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ to ’/db02/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’; alter tablespace DATA rename datafile ’/db01/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ to ’/db02/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’; alter database rename file ’/db05/oracle/CC1/redo01CC1.dbf’ to ’/db02/oracle/CC1/redo01CC1.dbf’; alter database datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ resize 80M; //创建和使用角色: create role APPLICATION_USER; grant CREATE SESSION to APPLICATION_USER; grant APPLICATION_USER to username; //回滚段的管理 create rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME tablespace RBS; alter rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME offline; drop rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME; alter rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME online; //回滚段上指定事务 commit; set transaction use rollback segment ROLL_BATCH; insert into TABLE_NAME select * from DATA_LOAD_TABLE; commit; //查询回滚段的 大小和优化参数 select * from DBA_SEGMENTS where Segment_Type = ’ROLLBACK’; select N.Name, /* rollback segment name */ S.OptSize /* rollback segment OPTIMAL size */ from V$ROLLNAME N, V$ROLLSTAT S where N.USN=S.USN; //回收回滚段 alter rollback segment R1 shrink to 15M; alter rollback segment R1 shrink; //例子 set transaction use rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME alter tablespace RBS default storage (initial 125K next 125K minextents 18 maxextents 249) create rollback segment R4 tablespace RBS storage (optimal 2250K); alter rollback segment R4 online; select Sessions_Highwater from V$LICENSE; grant select on EMPLOYEE to PUBLIC; //用户和角色 create role ACCOUNT_CREATOR; grant CREATE SESSION, CREATE USER, ALTER USER to ACCOUNT_CREATOR; alter user THUMPER default role NONE; alter user THUMPER default role CONNECT; alter user THUMPER default role all except ACCOUNT_CREATOR; alter profile DEFAULT limit idle_time 60; create profile LIMITED_PROFILE limit FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS 5; create user JANE identified by EYRE profile LIMITED_PROFILE; grant CREATE SESSION to JANE; alter user JANE account unlock; alter user JANE account lock; alter profile LIMITED_PROFILE limit PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME 30; alter user jane password expire; //创建操作系统用户 REM Creating OPS$ accounts create user OPS$FARMER identified by SOME_PASSWORD default tablespace USERS temporary tablespace TEMP; REM Using identified externally create user OPS$FARMER identified externally default tablespace USERS temporary tablespace TEMP; //执行ORAPWD ORAPWD FILE=filename PASSWORD=password ENTRIES=max_users create role APPLICATION_USER; grant CREATE SESSION to APPLICATION_USER; create role DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; grant select, insert on THUMPER.EMPLOYEE to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; grant select, insert on THUMPER.TIME_CARDS to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; grant select, insert on THUMPER.DEPARTMENT to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; grant APPLICATION_USER to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; grant DATA_ENTRY_CLERK to MCGREGOR; grant DATA_ENTRY_CLERK to BPOTTER with admin option; //设置角色 set role DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; set role NONE; //回收权利: revoke delete on EMPLOYEE from PETER; revoke all on EMPLOYEE from MCGREGOR; //回收角色: revoke ACCOUNT_CREATOR from HELPDESK; drop user USERNAME cascade; grant SELECT on EMPLOYEE to MCGREGOR with grant option; grant SELECT on THUMPER.EMPLOYEE to BPOTTER with grant option; revoke SELECT on EMPLOYEE from MCGREGOR; create user MCGREGOR identified by VALUES ’1A2DD3CCEE354DFA’; alter user OPS$FARMER identified by VALUES ’no way’; //备份与恢复 使用 export 程序 exp system/manager file=expdat.dmp compress=Y owner=(HR,THUMPER) exp system/manager file=hr.dmp owner=HR indexes=Y compress=Y imp system/manager file=hr.dmp full=Y buffer=64000 commit=Y //备份表 exp system/manager FILE=expdat.dmp TABLES=(Thumper.SALES) //备份分区 exp system/manager FILE=expdat.dmp TABLES=(Thumper.SALES:Part1) //输入例子 imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp buffer=64000 commit=Y exp system/manager file=thumper.dat owner=thumper grants=N indexes=Y compress=Y rows=Y imp system/manager file=thumper.dat FROMUSER=thumper TOUSER=flower rows=Y indexes=Y imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp full=Y commit=Y buffer=64000 imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp ignore=N rows=N commit=Y buffer=64000 //使用操作系统备份命令 REM TAR examples tar -cvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db0[1-9]/oracle/CC1 tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /orasw/app/oracle/CC1/pfile/initcc1.ora tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db0[1-9]/oracle/CC1 /orasw/app/oracle/CC1/pfile/initcc1.ora //离线备份的shell脚本 ORACLE_SID=cc1; export ORACLE_SID ORAENV_ASK=NO; export ORAENV_ASK . oraenv svrmgrl <<EOF1 connect internal as sysdba shutdown immediate; exit EOF1 insert backup commands like the "tar" commands here svrmgrl <<EOF2 connect internal as sysdba startup EOF2 //在Server Manager上设置为archivelog mode: connect internal as sysdba startup mount cc1; alter database archivelog; archive log start; alter database open; //在Server Manager上设置为archivelog mode: connect internal as sysdba startup mount cc1; alter database noarchivelog; alter database open; select Name, Value from V$PARAMETER where Name like ’log_archive%’; //联机备份的脚本 # # Sample Hot Backup Script for a UNIX File System database # # Set up environment variables: ORACLE_SID=cc1; export ORACLE_SID ORAENV_ASK=NO; export ORAENV_ASK . oraenv svrmgrl <<EOFarch1 connect internal as sysdba REM REM 备份 SYSTEM tablespace REM alter tablespace SYSTEM begin backup; !tar -cvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db01/oracle/CC1/sys01.dbf alter tablespace SYSTEM end backup; REM REM The SYSTEM tablespace has now been written to a REM tar saveset on the tape device /dev/rmt/0hc. The REM rest of the tars must use the "-rvf" clause to append REM to that saveset. REM REM 备份 RBS tablespace REM alter tablespace RBS begin backup; !tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db02/oracle/CC1/rbs01.dbf alter tablespace RBS end backup; REM REM 备份 DATA tablespace REM For the purposes of this example, this tablespace REM will contain two files, data01.dbf and data02.dbf. REM The * wildcard will be used in the filename. REM alter tablespace DATA begin backup; !tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db03/oracle/CC1/data0*.dbf alter tablespace DATA end backup; REM REM 备份 INDEXES tablespace REM alter tablespace INDEXES begin backup; !tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db04/oracle/CC1/indexes01.dbf alter tablespace INDEXES end backup; REM REM 备份 TEMP tablespace REM alter tablespace TEMP begin backup; !tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db05/oracle/CC1/temp01.dbf alter tablespace TEMP end backup; REM REM Follow the same pattern to back up the rest REM of the tablespaces. REM REM REM Step 2. 备份归档日志文件. archive log stop REM REM Exit Server Manager, using the indicator set earlier. exit EOFarch1 # # Record which files are in the destination directory. # Do this by setting an environment variable that is # equal to the directory listing for the destination # directory. # For this example, the log_archive_dest is # /db01/oracle/arch/CC1. # FILES=`ls /db01/oracle/arch/CC1/arch*.dbf`; export FILES # # Now go back into Server Manager and restart the # archiving process. Set an indicator (called EOFarch2 # in this example). # svrmgrl <<EOFarch2 connect internal archive log start; exit EOFarch2 # # Now back up the archived redo logs to the tape # device via the "tar" command, then delete them # from the destination device via the "rm" command. # You may choose to compress them instead. # tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc $FILES rm -f $FILES # # Step 3. 备份控制文件到磁盘. # svrmgrl <<EOFarch3 connect internal alter database backup controlfile to ’db01/oracle/CC1/CC1controlfile.bck’; exit EOFarch3 # # 备份控制文件到磁带. # tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db01/oracle/CC1/CC1controlfile.bck # # End of hot backup script. //自动生成开始备份的脚本 set pagesize 0 feedback off select ’alter tablespace ’||Tablespace_Name||’ begin backup;’ from DBA_TABLESPACES where Status ’INVALID’ spool alter_begin.sql / spool off //自动生成备份结束的脚本 set pagesize 0 feedback off select ’alter tablespace ’||Tablespace_Name||’ end backup;’ from DBA_TABLESPACES where Status ’INVALID’ spool alter_end.sql / spool off //备份归档日志文件的脚本. REM See text for alternatives. # Step 1: Stop the archiving process. This will keep # additional archived redo log files from being written # to the destination directory during this process. # svrmgrl <<EOFarch1 connect internal as sysdba archive log stop; REM REM Exit Server Manager using the indicator set earlier. exit EOFarch1 # # Step 2: Record which files are in the destination # directory. # Do this by setting an environment variable that is # equal to the directory listing for the destination # directory. # For this example, the log_archive_dest is # /db01/oracle/arch/CC1. # FILES=`ls /db01/oracle/arch/CC1/arch*.dbf`; export FILES # # Step 3: Go back into Server Manager and restart the # archiving process. Set an indicator (called EOFarch2 # in this example). # svrmgrl <<EOFarch2 connect internal as sysdba archive log start; exit EOFarch2 # # Step 4. Back up the archived redo logs to the tape # device via the "tar" command, then delete them # from the destination device via the "rm" command. # tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc $FILES # # Step 5. Delete those files from the destination directory. # rm -f $FILES # # End of archived redo log file backup script. REM 磁盘到磁盘的备份 REM REM Back up the RBS tablespace - to another disk (UNIX) REM alter tablespace RBS begin backup; !cp /db02/oracle/CC1/rbs01.dbf /db10/oracle/CC1/backups alter tablespace RBS end backup; REM REM 移动归档日志文件的shell脚本 # # Procedure for moving archived redo logs to another device # svrmgrl <<EOFarch2 connect internal as sysdba archive log stop; !mv /db01/oracle/arch/CC1 /db10/oracle/arch/CC1 archive log start; exit EOFarch2 # # end of archived redo log directory move. //生成创建控制文件命令 alter database backup controlfile to trace; //时间点恢复的例子 connect internal as sysdba startup mount instance_name; recover database until time ’1999-08-07:14:40:00’; //创建恢复目录 rman rcvcat rman/rman@ // 在(UNIX)下创建恢复目录 RMAN> create catalog tablespace rcvcat; // 在(NT)下创建恢复目录 RMAN> create catalog tablespace "RCVCAT"; //连接描述符范例 (DESCRIPTION= (ADDRESS= (PROTOCOL=TCP) (HOST=HQ) (PORT=1521)) (CONNECT DATA= (SID=loc))) // listener.ora 的条目entry // listener.ora 的条目entry LISTENER = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS= (PROTOCOL=IPC) (KEY= loc.world) ) ) SID_LIST_LISTENER = (SID_LIST = (SID_DESC = (SID_NAME = loc) (ORACLE_HOME = /orasw/app/oracle/product/8.1.5.1) ) ) // tnsnames.ora 的条目 LOC= (DESCRIPTION= (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP) (HOST = HQ) (PORT = 1521)) ) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = loc) (INSTANCE_NAME = loc) ) ) //连接参数的设置（sql*net） LOC =(DESCRIPTION= (ADDRESS= (COMMUNITY=TCP.HQ.COMPANY) (PROTOCOL=TCP) (HOST=HQ) (PORT=1521)) (CONNECT DATA= (SID=loc))) //参数文件配置范例 // tnsnames.ora HQ =(DESCRIPTION= (ADDRESS= (PROTOCOL=TCP) (HOST=HQ) (PORT=1521)) (CONNECT DATA= (SID=loc))) // listener.ora LISTENER = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS= (PROTOCOL=IPC) (KEY= loc) ) ) SID_LIST_LISTENER = (SID_LIST = (SID_DESC = (SID_NAME = loc) (ORACLE_HOME = /orasw/app/oracle/product/8.1.5.1) ) ) // Oracle8I tnsnames.ora LOC= (DESCRIPTION= (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP) (HOST = HQ) (PORT = 1521)) ) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = loc) (INSTANCE_NAME = loc) ) ) //使用 COPY 实现数据库之间的复制 copy from remote_username/remote_password@service_name to username/password@service_name [append|create|insert|replace] TABLE_NAME using subquery; REM COPY example set copycommit 1 set arraysize 1000 copy from HR/PUFFINSTUFF@loc - create EMPLOYEE - using - select * from EMPLOYEE //监视器的管理 lsnrctl start lsnrctl start my_lsnr lsnrctl status lsnrctl status hq 检查监视器的进程 ps -ef | grep tnslsnr //在 lsnrctl 内停止监视器 set password lsnr_password stop //在lsnrctl 内列出所有的服务 set password lsnr_password services //启动或停止一个NT的listener net start OracleTNSListener net stop OracleTNSListener // tnsnames.ora 文件的内容 fld1 = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP) (HOST = server1.fld.com)(PORT = 1521)) ) (CONNECT_DATA = (SID = fld1) ) ) //操作系统网络的管理 telnet host_name ping host_name /etc/hosts 文件 130.110.238.109 nmhost 130.110.238.101 txhost 130.110.238.102 azhost arizona //oratab 表项 loc:/orasw/app/oracle/product/8.1.5.1:Y cc1:/orasw/app/oracle/product/8.1.5.1:N old:/orasw/app/oracle/product/8.1.5.0:Y //创建一个控制文件命令到跟踪文件 alter database backup controlfile to trace; //增加一个新的日志文件组的语句 connect internal as sysdba alter database add logfile group 4 (’/db01/oracle/CC1/log_1c.dbf’, ’/db02/oracle/CC1/log_2c.dbf’) size 5M; alter database add logfile member ’/db03/oracle/CC1/log_3c.dbf’ to group 4; //在Server Manager上MOUNT并打开一个数据库: connect internal as sysdba startup mount ORA1 exclusive; alter database open; //生成数据字典 @catalog @catproc //在init.ora 中备份数据库的位置 log_archive_dest_1 = ’/db00/arch’ log_archive_dest_state_1 = enable log_archive_dest_2 = "service=stby.world mandatory reopen=60" log_archive_dest_state_2 = enable //对用户的表空间的指定和管理相关的语句 create user USERNAME identified by PASSWORD default tablespace TABLESPACE_NAME; alter user USERNAME default tablespace TABLESPACE_NAME; alter user SYSTEM quota 0 on SYSTEM; alter user SYSTEM quota 50M on TOOLS; create user USERNAME identified by PASSWORD default tablespace DATA temporary tablespace TEMP; alter user USERNAME temporary tablespace TEMP; //重新指定一个数据文件的大小 : alter database datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ resize 200M; //创建一个自动扩展的数据文件: create tablespace DATA datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ size 200M autoextend ON next 10M maxsize 250M; //在表空间上增加一个自动扩展的数据文件: alter tablespace DATA add datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data02.dbf’ size 50M autoextend ON maxsize 300M; //修改参数: alter database datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ autoextend ON maxsize 300M; //在数据文件移动期间重新命名: alter database rename file ’/db01/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ to ’/db02/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’; alter tablespace DATA rename datafile ’/db01/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ to ’/db02/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’; alter database rename file ’/db05/oracle/CC1/redo01CC1.dbf’ to ’/db02/oracle/CC1/redo01CC1.dbf’; alter database datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ resize 80M; //创建和使用角色: create role APPLICATION_USER; grant CREATE SESSION to APPLICATION_USER; grant APPLICATION_USER to username; //回滚段的管理 create rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME tablespace RBS; alter rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME offline; drop rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME; alter rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME online; //回滚段上指定事务 commit; set transaction use rollback segment ROLL_BATCH; insert into TABLE_NAME select * from DATA_LOAD_TABLE; commit; //查询回滚段的 大小和优化参数 select * from DBA_SEGMENTS where Segment_Type = ’ROLLBACK’; select N.Name, /* rollback segment name */ S.OptSize /* rollback segment OPTIMAL size */ from V$ROLLNAME N, V$ROLLSTAT S where N.USN=S.USN; //回收回滚段 alter rollback segment R1 shrink to 15M; alter rollback segment R1 shrink; //例子 set transaction use rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME alter tablespace RBS default storage (initial 125K next 125K minextents 18 maxextents 249) create rollback segment R4 tablespace RBS storage (optimal 2250K); alter rollback segment R4 online; select Sessions_Highwater from V$LICENSE; grant select on EMPLOYEE to PUBLIC; //用户和角色 create role ACCOUNT_CREATOR; grant CREATE SESSION, CREATE USER, ALTER USER to ACCOUNT_CREATOR; alter user THUMPER default role NONE; alter user THUMPER default role CONNECT; alter user THUMPER default role all except ACCOUNT_CREATOR; alter profile DEFAULT limit idle_time 60; create profile LIMITED_PROFILE limit FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS 5; create user JANE identified by EYRE profile LIMITED_PROFILE; grant CREATE SESSION to JANE; alter user JANE account unlock; alter user JANE account lock; alter profile LIMITED_PROFILE limit PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME 30; alter user jane password expire; //创建操作系统用户 REM Creating OPS$ accounts create user OPS$FARMER identified by SOME_PASSWORD default tablespace USERS temporary tablespace TEMP; REM Using identified externally create user OPS$FARMER identified externally default tablespace USERS temporary tablespace TEMP; //执行ORAPWD ORAPWD FILE=filename PASSWORD=password ENTRIES=max_users create role APPLICATION_USER; grant CREATE SESSION to APPLICATION_USER; create role DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; grant select, insert on THUMPER.EMPLOYEE to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; grant select, insert on THUMPER.TIME_CARDS to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; grant select, insert on THUMPER.DEPARTMENT to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; grant APPLICATION_USER to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; grant DATA_ENTRY_CLERK to MCGREGOR; grant DATA_ENTRY_CLERK to BPOTTER with admin option; //设置角色 set role DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; set role NONE; //回收权利: revoke delete on EMPLOYEE from PETER; revoke all on EMPLOYEE from MCGREGOR; //回收角色: revoke ACCOUNT_CREATOR from HELPDESK; drop user USERNAME cascade; grant SELECT on EMPLOYEE to MCGREGOR with grant option; grant SELECT on THUMPER.EMPLOYEE to BPOTTER with grant option; revoke SELECT on EMPLOYEE from MCGREGOR; create user MCGREGOR identified by VALUES ’1A2DD3CCEE354DFA’; alter user OPS$FARMER identified by VALUES ’no way’; //备份与恢复 使用 export 程序 exp system/manager file=expdat.dmp compress=Y owner=(HR,THUMPER) exp system/manager file=hr.dmp owner=HR indexes=Y compress=Y imp system/manager file=hr.dmp full=Y buffer=64000 commit=Y //备份表 exp system/manager FILE=expdat.dmp TABLES=(Thumper.SALES) //备份分区 exp system/manager FILE=expdat.dmp TABLES=(Thumper.SALES:Part1) //输入例子 imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp buffer=64000 commit=Y exp system/manager file=thumper.dat owner=thumper grants=N indexes=Y compress=Y rows=Y imp system/manager file=thumper.dat FROMUSER=thumper TOUSER=flower rows=Y indexes=Y imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp full=Y commit=Y buffer=64000 imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp ignore=N rows=N commit=Y buffer=64000 //使用操作系统备份命令 REM TAR examples tar -cvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db0[1-9]/oracle/CC1 tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /orasw/app/oracle/CC1/pfile/initcc1.ora tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db0[1-9]/oracle/CC1 /orasw/app/oracle/CC1/pfile/initcc1.ora //离线备份的shell脚本 ORACLE_SID=cc1; export ORACLE_SID ORAENV_ASK=NO; export ORAENV_ASK . oraenv svrmgrl <<EOF1 connect internal as sysdba shutdown immediate; exit EOF1 insert backup commands like the "tar" commands here svrmgrl <<EOF2 connect internal as sysdba startup EOF2 //在Server Manager上设置为archivelog mode: connect internal as sysdba startup mount cc1; alter database archivelog; archive log start; alter database open; //在Server Manager上设置为archivelog mode: connect internal as sysdba startup mount cc1; alter database noarchivelog; alter database open; select Name, Value from V$PARAMETER where Name like ’log_archive%’; //联机备份的脚本 # # Sample Hot Backup Script for a UNIX File System database # # Set up environment variables: ORACLE_SID=cc1; export ORACLE_SID ORAENV_ASK=NO; export ORAENV_ASK . oraenv svrmgrl <<EOFarch1 connect internal as sysdba REM REM 备份 SYSTEM tablespace REM alter tablespace SYSTEM begin backup; !tar -cvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db01/oracle/CC1/sys01.dbf alter tablespace SYSTEM end backup; REM REM The SYSTEM tablespace has now been written to a REM tar saveset on the tape device /dev/rmt/0hc. The REM rest of the tars must use the "-rvf" clause to append REM to that saveset. REM REM 备份 RBS tablespace REM alter tablespace RBS begin backup; !tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db02/oracle/CC1/rbs01.dbf alter tablespace RBS end backup; REM REM 备份 DATA tablespace REM For the purposes of this example, this tablespace REM will contain two files, data01.dbf and data02.dbf. REM The * wildcard will be used in the filename. REM alter tablespace DATA begin backup; !tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db03/oracle/CC1/data0*.dbf alter tablespace DATA end backup; REM REM 备份 INDEXES tablespace REM alter tablespace INDEXES begin backup; !tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db04/oracle/CC1/indexes01.dbf alter tablespace INDEXES end backup; REM REM 备份 TEMP tablespace REM alter tablespace TEMP begin backup; !tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db05/oracle/CC1/temp01.dbf alter tablespace TEMP end backup; REM REM Follow the same pattern to back up the rest REM of the tablespaces. REM REM REM Step 2. 备份归档日志文件. archive log stop REM REM Exit Server Manager, using the indicator set earlier. exit EOFarch1 # # Record which files are in the destination directory. # Do this by setting an environment variable that is # equal to the directory listing for the destination # directory. # For this example, the log_archive_dest is # /db01/oracle/arch/CC1. # FILES=`ls /db01/oracle/arch/CC1/arch*.dbf`; export FILES # # Now go back into Server Manager and restart the # archiving process. Set an indicator (called EOFarch2 # in this example). # svrmgrl <<EOFarch2 connect internal archive log start; exit EOFarch2 # # Now back up the archived redo logs to the tape # device via the "tar" command, then delete them # from the destination device via the "rm" command. # You may choose to compress them instead. # tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc $FILES rm -f $FILES # # Step 3. 备份控制文件到磁盘. # svrmgrl <<EOFarch3 connect internal alter database backup controlfile to ’db01/oracle/CC1/CC1controlfile.bck’; exit EOFarch3 # # 备份控制文件到磁带. # tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db01/oracle/CC1/CC1controlfile.bck # # End of hot backup script. //自动生成开始备份的脚本 set pagesize 0 feedback off select ’alter tablespace ’||Tablespace_Name||’ begin backup;’ from DBA_TABLESPACES where Status ’INVALID’ spool alter_begin.sql / spool off //自动生成备份结束的脚本 set pagesize 0 feedback off select ’alter tablespace ’||Tablespace_Name||’ end backup;’ from DBA_TABLESPACES where Status ’INVALID’ spool alter_end.sql / spool off //备份归档日志文件的脚本. REM See text for alternatives. # Step 1: Stop the archiving process. This will keep # additional archived redo log files from being written # to the destination directory during this process. # svrmgrl <<EOFarch1 connect internal as sysdba archive log stop; REM REM Exit Server Manager using the indicator set earlier. exit EOFarch1 # # Step 2: Record which files are in the destination # directory. # Do this by setting an environment variable that is # equal to the directory listing for the destination # directory. # For this example, the log_archive_dest is # /db01/oracle/arch/CC1. # FILES=`ls /db01/oracle/arch/CC1/arch*.dbf`; export FILES # # Step 3: Go back into Server Manager and restart the # archiving process. Set an indicator (called EOFarch2 # in this example). # svrmgrl <<EOFarch2 connect internal as sysdba archive log start; exit EOFarch2 # # Step 4. Back up the archived redo logs to the tape # device via the "tar" command, then delete them # from the destination device via the "rm" command. # tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc $FILES # # Step 5. Delete those files from the destination directory. # rm -f $FILES # # End of archived redo log file backup script. REM 磁盘到磁盘的备份 REM REM Back up the RBS tablespace - to another disk (UNIX) REM alter tablespace RBS begin backup; !cp /db02/oracle/CC1/rbs01.dbf /db10/oracle/CC1/backups alter tablespace RBS end backup; REM REM 移动归档日志文件的shell脚本 # # Procedure for moving archived redo logs to another device # svrmgrl <<EOFarch2 connect internal as sysdba archive log stop; !mv /db01/oracle/arch/CC1 /db10/oracle/arch/CC1 archive log start; exit EOFarch2 # # end of archived redo log directory move. //生成创建控制文件命令 alter database backup controlfile to trace; //时间点恢复的例子 connect internal as sysdba startup mount instance_name; recover database until time ’1999-08-07:14:40:00’; //创建恢复目录 rman rcvcat rman/rman@ // 在(UNIX)下创建恢复目录 RMAN> create catalog tablespace rcvcat; // 在(NT)下创建恢复目录 RMAN> create catalog tablespace "RCVCAT"; //连接描述符范例 (DESCRIPTION= (ADDRESS= (PROTOCOL=TCP) (HOST=HQ) (PORT=1521)) (CONNECT DATA= (SID=loc))) // listener.ora 的条目entry //创建一个控制文件命令到跟踪文件 alter database backup controlfile to trace; //增加一个新的日志文件组的语句 connect internal as sysdba alter database add logfile group 4 (’/db01/oracle/CC1/log_1c.dbf’, ’/db02/oracle/CC1/log_2c.dbf’) size 5M; alter database add logfile member ’/db03/oracle/CC1/log_3c.dbf’ to group 4; //在Server Manager上MOUNT并打开一个数据库: connect internal as sysdba startup mount ORA1 exclusive; alter database open; //生成数据字典 @catalog @catproc //在init.ora 中备份数据库的位置 log_archive_dest_1 = ’/db00/arch’ log_archive_dest_state_1 = enable log_archive_dest_2 = "service=stby.world mandatory reopen=60" log_archive_dest_state_2 = enable //对用户的表空间的指定和管理相关的语句 create user USERNAME identified by PASSWORD default tablespace TABLESPACE_NAME; alter user USERNAME default tablespace TABLESPACE_NAME; alter user SYSTEM quota 0 on SYSTEM; alter user SYSTEM quota 50M on TOOLS; create user USERNAME identified by PASSWORD default tablespace DATA temporary tablespace TEMP; alter user USERNAME temporary tablespace TEMP; //重新指定一个数据文件的大小 : alter database datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ resize 200M; //创建一个自动扩展的数据文件: create tablespace DATA datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ size 200M autoextend ON next 10M maxsize 250M; //在表空间上增加一个自动扩展的数据文件: alter tablespace DATA add datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data02.dbf’ size 50M autoextend ON maxsize 300M; //修改参数: alter database datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ autoextend ON maxsize 300M; //在数据文件移动期间重新命名: alter database rename file ’/db01/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ to ’/db02/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’; alter tablespace DATA rename datafile ’/db01/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ to ’/db02/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’; alter database rename file ’/db05/oracle/CC1/redo01CC1.dbf’ to ’/db02/oracle/CC1/redo01CC1.dbf’; alter database datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ resize 80M; //创建和使用角色: create role APPLICATION_USER; grant CREATE SESSION to APPLICATION_USER; grant APPLICATION_USER to username; //回滚段的管理 create rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME tablespace RBS; alter rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME offline; drop rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME; alter rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME online; //回滚段上指定事务 commit; set transaction use rollback segment ROLL_BATCH; insert into TABLE_NAME select * from DATA_LOAD_TABLE; commit; //查询回滚段的 大小和优化参数 select * from DBA_SEGMENTS where Segment_Type = ’ROLLBACK’; select N.Name, /* rollback segment name */ S.OptSize /* rollback segment OPTIMAL size */ from V$ROLLNAME N, V$ROLLSTAT S where N.USN=S.USN; //回收回滚段 alter rollback segment R1 shrink to 15M; alter rollback segment R1 shrink; //例子 set transaction use rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME alter tablespace RBS default storage (initial 125K next 125K minextents 18 maxextents 249) create rollback segment R4 tablespace RBS storage (optimal 2250K); alter rollback segment R4 online; select Sessions_Highwater from V$LICENSE; grant select on EMPLOYEE to PUBLIC; //用户和角色 create role ACCOUNT_CREATOR; grant CREATE SESSION, CREATE USER, ALTER USER to ACCOUNT_CREATOR; alter user THUMPER default role NONE; alter user THUMPER default role CONNECT; alter user THUMPER default role all except ACCOUNT_CREATOR; alter profile DEFAULT limit idle_time 60; create profile LIMITED_PROFILE limit FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS 5; create user JANE identified by EYRE profile LIMITED_PROFILE; grant CREATE SESSION to JANE; alter user JANE account unlock; alter user JANE account lock; alter profile LIMITED_PROFILE limit PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME 30; alter user jane password expire; //创建操作系统用户 REM Creating OPS$ accounts create user OPS$FARMER identified by SOME_PASSWORD default tablespace USERS temporary tablespace TEMP; REM Using identified externally create user OPS$FARMER identified externally default tablespace USERS temporary tablespace TEMP; //执行ORAPWD ORAPWD FILE=filename PASSWORD=password ENTRIES=max_users create role APPLICATION_USER; grant CREATE SESSION to APPLICATION_USER; create role DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; grant select, insert on THUMPER.EMPLOYEE to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; grant select, insert on THUMPER.TIME_CARDS to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; grant select, insert on THUMPER.DEPARTMENT to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; grant APPLICATION_USER to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; grant DATA_ENTRY_CLERK to MCGREGOR; grant DATA_ENTRY_CLERK to BPOTTER with admin option; //设置角色 set role DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; set role NONE; //回收权利: revoke delete on EMPLOYEE from PETER; revoke all on EMPLOYEE from MCGREGOR; //回收角色: revoke ACCOUNT_CREATOR from HELPDESK; drop user USERNAME cascade; grant SELECT on EMPLOYEE to MCGREGOR with grant option; grant SELECT on THUMPER.EMPLOYEE to BPOTTER with grant option; revoke SELECT on EMPLOYEE from MCGREGOR; create user MCGREGOR identified by VALUES ’1A2DD3CCEE354DFA’; alter user OPS$FARMER identified by VALUES ’no way’; //备份与恢复 使用 export 程序 exp system/manager file=expdat.dmp compress=Y owner=(HR,THUMPER) exp system/manager file=hr.dmp owner=HR indexes=Y compress=Y imp system/manager file=hr.dmp full=Y buffer=64000 commit=Y //备份表 exp system/manager FILE=expdat.dmp TABLES=(Thumper.SALES) //备份分区 exp system/manager FILE=expdat.dmp TABLES=(Thumper.SALES:Part1) //输入例子 imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp buffer=64000 commit=Y exp system/manager file=thumper.dat owner=thumper grants=N indexes=Y compress=Y rows=Y imp system/manager file=thumper.dat FROMUSER=thumper TOUSER=flower rows=Y indexes=Y imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp full=Y commit=Y buffer=64000 imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp ignore=N rows=N commit=Y buffer=64000 //使用操作系统备份命令 REM TAR examples tar -cvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db0[1-9]/oracle/CC1 tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /orasw/app/oracle/CC1/pfile/initcc1.ora tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db0[1-9]/oracle/CC1 /orasw/app/oracle/CC1/pfile/initcc1.ora //离线备份的shell脚本 ORACLE_SID=cc1; export ORACLE_SID ORAENV_ASK=NO; export ORAENV_ASK . oraenv svrmgrl <<EOF1 connect internal as sysdba shutdown immediate; exit EOF1 insert backup commands like the "tar" commands here svrmgrl <<EOF2 connect internal as sysdba startup EOF2 //在Server Manager上设置为archivelog mode: connect internal as sysdba startup mount cc1; alter database archivelog; archive log start; alter database open; //在Server Manager上设置为archivelog mode: connect internal as sysdba startup mount cc1; alter database noarchivelog; alter database open; select Name, Value from V$PARAMETER where Name like ’log_archive%’; //联机备份的脚本 # # Sample Hot Backup Script for a UNIX File System database # # Set up environment variables: ORACLE_SID=cc1; export ORACLE_SID ORAENV_ASK=NO; export ORAENV_ASK . oraenv svrmgrl <<EOFarch1 connect internal as sysdba REM REM 备份 SYSTEM tablespace REM alter tablespace SYSTEM begin backup; !tar -cvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db01/oracle/CC1/sys01.dbf alter tablespace SYSTEM end backup; REM REM The SYSTEM tablespace has now been written to a REM tar saveset on the tape device /dev/rmt/0hc. The REM rest of the tars must use the "-rvf" clause to append REM to that saveset. REM REM 备份 RBS tablespace REM alter tablespace RBS begin backup; !tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db02/oracle/CC1/rbs01.dbf alter tablespace RBS end backup; REM REM 备份 DATA tablespace REM For the purposes of this example, this tablespace REM will contain two files, data01.dbf and data02.dbf. REM The * wildcard will be used in the filename. REM alter tablespace DATA begin backup; !tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db03/oracle/CC1/data0*.dbf alter tablespace DATA end backup; REM REM 备份 INDEXES tablespace REM alter tablespace INDEXES begin backup; !tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db04/oracle/CC1/indexes01.dbf alter tablespace INDEXES end backup; REM REM 备份 TEMP tablespace REM alter tablespace TEMP begin backup; !tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db05/oracle/CC1/temp01.dbf alter tablespace TEMP end backup; REM REM Follow the same pattern to back up the rest REM of the tablespaces. REM REM REM Step 2. 备份归档日志文件. archive log stop REM REM Exit Server Manager, using the indicator set earlier. exit EOFarch1 # # Record which files are in the destination directory. # Do this by setting an environment variable that is # equal to the directory listing for the destination # directory. # For this example, the log_archive_dest is # /db01/oracle/arch/CC1. # FILES=`ls /db01/oracle/arch/CC1/arch*.dbf`; export FILES # # Now go back into Server Manager and restart the # archiving process. Set an indicator (called EOFarch2 # in this example). # svrmgrl <<EOFarch2 connect internal archive log start; exit EOFarch2 # # Now back up the archived redo logs to the tape # device via the "tar" command, then delete them # from the destination device via the "rm" command. # You may choose to compress them instead. # tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc $FILES rm -f $FILES # # Step 3. 备份控制文件到磁盘. # svrmgrl <<EOFarch3 connect internal alter database backup controlfile to ’db01/oracle/CC1/CC1controlfile.bck’; exit EOFarch3 # # 备份控制文件到磁带. # tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db01/oracle/CC1/CC1controlfile.bck # # End of hot backup script. //自动生成开始备份的脚本 set pagesize 0 feedback off select ’alter tablespace ’||Tablespace_Name||’ begin backup;’ from DBA_TABLESPACES where Status ’INVALID’ spool alter_begin.sql / spool off //自动生成备份结束的脚本 set pagesize 0 feedback off select ’alter tablespace ’||Tablespace_Name||’ end backup;’ from DBA_TABLESPACES where Status ’INVALID’ spool alter_end.sql / spool off //备份归档日志文件的脚本. REM See text for alternatives. # Step 1: Stop the archiving process. This will keep # additional archived redo log files from being written # to the destination directory during this process. # svrmgrl <<EOFarch1 connect internal as sysdba archive log stop; REM REM Exit Server Manager using the indicator set earlier. exit EOFarch1 # # Step 2: Record which files are in the destination # directory. # Do this by setting an environment variable that is # equal to the directory listing for the destination # directory. # For this example, the log_archive_dest is # /db01/oracle/arch/CC1. # FILES=`ls /db01/oracle/arch/CC1/arch*.dbf`; export FILES # # Step 3: Go back into Server Manager and restart the # archiving process. Set an indicator (called EOFarch2 # in this example). # svrmgrl <<EOFarch2 connect internal as sysdba archive log start; exit EOFarch2 # # Step 4. Back up the archived redo logs to the tape # device via the "tar" command, then delete them # from the destination device via the "rm" command. # tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc $FILES # # Step 5. Delete those files from the destination directory. # rm -f $FILES # # End of archived redo log file backup script. REM 磁盘到磁盘的备份 REM REM Back up the RBS tablespace - to another disk (UNIX) REM alter tablespace RBS begin backup; !cp /db02/oracle/CC1/rbs01.dbf /db10/oracle/CC1/backups alter tablespace RBS end backup; REM REM 移动归档日志文件的shell脚本 # # Procedure for moving archived redo logs to another device # svrmgrl <<EOFarch2 connect internal as sysdba archive log stop; !mv /db01/oracle/arch/CC1 /db10/oracle/arch/CC1 archive log start; exit EOFarch2 # # end of archived redo log directory move. //生成创建控制文件命令 alter database backup controlfile to trace; //时间点恢复的例子 connect internal as sysdba startup mount instance_name; recover database until time ’1999-08-07:14:40:00’; //创建恢复目录 rman rcvcat rman/rman@ // 在(UNIX)下创建恢复目录 RMAN> create catalog tablespace rcvcat; // 在(NT)下创建恢复目录 RMAN> create catalog tablespace "RCVCAT"; //连接描述符范例 (DESCRIPTION= (ADDRESS= (PROTOCOL=TCP) (HOST=HQ) (PORT=1521)) (CONNECT DATA= (SID=loc))) // listener.ora 的条目entry ……………………………………………………………………………………
@Resource注解的使用及源码解析
最新发布
qq_38257958的博客
03-20 1139
阅读这边文章之前我们先保持一个疑问 : @Resource注解真的是根据名称注入的么?
apktool documentation
07-21
https://github.com/iBotPeaches/Apktool Introduction Basic First lets take a lesson into apk files. apks are nothing more than a zip file containing resources and compiled java. If you were to simply unzip an apk like so, you would be left with files such as classes.dex and resources.arsc. $ unzip testapp.apk Archive: testapp.apk inflating: AndroidManifest.xml inflating: classes.dex extracting: res/drawable-hdpi/ic_launcher.png inflating: res/xml/literals.xml inflating: res/xml/references.xml extracting: resources.arsc However, at this point you have simply inflated compiled sources. If you tried to view AndroidManifest.xml. You'd be left viewing this. P4F0\fnversionCodeversionNameandroid*http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/androidpackageplatformBuildVersionCodeplatformBuildVersionNamemanifestbrut.apktool.testapp1.021APKTOOL Obviously, editing or viewing a compiled file is next to impossible. That is where Apktool comes into play. $ apktool d testapp.apk I: Using Apktool 2.0.0 on testapp.apk I: Loading resource table... I: Decoding AndroidManifest.xml with resources... I: Loading resource table from file: 1.apk I: Regular manifest package... I: Decoding file-resources... I: Decoding values */* XMLs... I: Baksmaling classes.dex... I: Copying assets and libs... $ Viewing AndroidManifest.xml again results in something much more human readable <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?> <manifest xmlns:android="https://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" package="brut.apktool.testapp" platformBuildVersionCode="21" platformBuildVersionName="APKTOOL"/> In addition to XMLs, resources such as 9 patch images, layouts, strings and much more are correctly decoded to source form. Decoding The decode option on Apktool can be invoked either from d or decode like shown below. $ apktool d foo.jar // decodes foo.jar to foo.jar.out folder $ apktool decode foo.jar // decodes foo.jar to foo.jar.out folder $ apktool d bar.apk // decodes bar.apk to bar folder $ apktool decode bar.apk // decodes bar.apk to bar folder $ apktool d bar.apk -o baz // decodes bar.apk to baz folder Building The build option can be invoked either from b or build like shown below $ apktool b foo.jar.out // builds foo.jar.out folder into foo.jar.out/dist/foo.jar file $ apktool build foo.jar.out // builds foo.jar.out folder into foo.jar.out/dist/foo.jar file $ apktool b bar // builds bar folder into bar/dist/bar.apk file $ apktool b . // builds current directory into ./dist $ apktool b bar -o new_bar.apk // builds bar folder into new_bar.apk $ apktool b bar.apk // WRONG: brut.androlib.AndrolibException: brut.directory.PathNotExist: apktool.yml // Must use folder, not apk/jar file InfoIn order to run a rebuilt application. You must resign the application. Android documentation can help with this. Frameworks Frameworks can be installed either from if or install-framework, in addition two parameters -p, --frame-path <dir> - Store framework files into <dir> -t, --tag <tag> - Tag frameworks using <tag> Allow for a finer control over how the files are named and how they are stored. $ apktool if framework-res.apk I: Framework installed to: 1.apk // pkgId of framework-res.apk determines number (which is 0x01) $ apktool if com.htc.resources.apk I: Framework installed to: 2.apk // pkgId of com.htc.resources is 0x02 $ apktool if com.htc.resources.apk -t htc I: Framework installed to: 2-htc.apk // pkgId-tag.apk $ apktool if framework-res.apk -p foo/bar I: Framework installed to: foo/bar/1.apk $ apktool if framework-res.apk -t baz -p foo/bar I: Framework installed to: foo/bar/1-baz.apk Migration Instructions v2.1.1 -> v2.2.0 Run the following commands to migrate your framework directory Apktool will work fine without running these commands, this will just cleanup abandoned files unix - mkdir -p ~/.local/share; mv ~/apktool ~/.local/share windows - move %USERPROFILE%\apktool %USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local v2.0.1 -> v2.0.2 Update apktool to v2.0.2 Remove framework file $HOME/apktool/framework/1.apk due to internal API update (Android Marshmallow) v1.5.x -> v2.0.0 Java 1.7 is required Update apktool to v2.0.0 aapt is now included inside the apktool binary. It's not required to maintain your own aapt install under $PATH. (However, features like -a / --aapt are still used and can override the internal aapt) The addition of aapt replaces the need for separate aapt download packages. Helper Scripts may be found here Remove framework $HOME/apktool/framework/1.apk Eagle eyed users will notice resources are now decoded before sources now. This is because we need to know the API version via the manifest for decoding the sources Parameter Changes Smali/baksmali 2.0 are included. This is a big change from 1.4.2. Please read the smali updates here for more information -o / --output is now used for the output of apk/directory -t / --tag is required for tagging framework files -advance / --advanced will launch advance parameters and information on the usage output -m / --match-original is a new feature for apk analysis. This retains the apk is nearly original format, but will make rebuild more than likely not work due to ignoring the changes that newer aapt requires After [d]ecode, there will be new folders (original / unknown) in the decoded apk folder original = META-INF folder / AndroidManifest.xml, which are needed to retain the signature of apks to prevent needing to resign. Used with -c / --copy-original on [b]uild unknown = Files / folders that are not part of the standard AOSP build procedure. These files will be injected back into the rebuilt APK. apktool.yml collects more information than last version SdkInfo - Used to repopulate the sdk information in AndroidManifest.xml since newer aapt requires version information to be passed via parameter packageInfo - Used to help support Android 4.2 renamed manifest feature. Automatically detects differences between resource and manifest and performs automatic --rename-manifest-package on [b]uild versionInfo - Used to repopulate the version information in AndroidManifest.xml since newer aapt requires version information to be passed via parameter compressionType - Used to determine the compression that resources.arsc had on the original apk in order to replicate during [b]uild unknownFiles - Used to record name/location of non-standard files in an apk in order to place correctly on rebuilt apk sharedLibrary - Used to help support Android 5 shared library feature by automatically detecting shared libraries and using --shared-lib on [b]uild Examples of new usage in 2.0 vs 1.5.x Old (Apktool 1.5.x) New (Apktool 2.0.x) apktool if framework-res.apk tag apktool if framework-res.apk -t tag apktool d framework-res.apk output apktool d framework.res.apk -o output apktool b output new.apk apktool b output -o new.apk v1.4.x -> v1.5.1 Update apktool to v1.5.1 Update aapt manually or use package r05-ibot via downloading Mac, Windows or Linux Remove framework file $HOME/apktool/framework/1.apk Intermediate Framework Files As you probably know, Android apps utilize code and resources that are found on the Android OS itself. These are known as framework resources and Apktool relies on these to properly decode and build apks. Every Apktool release contains internally the most up to date AOSP framework at the time of the release. This allows you to decode and build most apks without a problem. However, manufacturers add their own framework files in addition to the regular AOSP ones. To use apktool against these manufacturer apks you must first install the manufacturer framework files. Example Lets say you want to decode HtcContacts.apk from an HTC device. If you try you will get an error message. $ apktool d HtcContacts.apk I: Loading resource table... I: Decoding resources... I: Loading resource table from file: 1.apk W: Could not decode attr value, using undecoded value instead: ns=android, name=drawable W: Could not decode attr value, using undecoded value instead: ns=android, name=icon Can't find framework resources for package of id: 2. You must install proper framework files, see project website for more info. We must get HTC framework resources before decoding this apk. We pull com.htc.resources.apk from our device and install it $ apktool if com.htc.resources.apk I: Framework installed to: 2.apk Now we will try this decode again. $ apktool d HtcContacts.apk I: Loading resource table... I: Decoding resources... I: Loading resource table from file: /home/brutall/apktool/framework/1.apk I: Loading resource table from file: /home/brutall/apktool/framework/2.apk I: Copying assets and libs... As you can see. Apktool leveraged both 1.apk and 2.apk framework files in order to properly decode this application. Finding Frameworks For the most part any apk in /system/framework on a device will be a framework file. On some devices they might reside in /data/system-framework and even cleverly hidden in /system/app or /system/priv-app. They are usually named with the naming of "resources", "res" or "framework". Example HTC has a framework called com.htc.resources.apk, LG has one called lge-res.apk After you find a framework file you could pull it via adb pull /path/to/file or use a file manager application. After you have the file locally, pay attention to how Apktool installs it. The number that the framework is named during install corresponds to the pkgId of the application. These values should range from 1 to 9. Any APK that installs itself as 127 is 0x7F which is an internal pkgId. Internal Frameworks Apktool comes with an internal framework like mentioned above. This file is copied to $HOME/apktool/framework/1.apk during use. Warning Apktool has no knowledge of what version of framework resides there. It will assume its up to date, so delete the file during Apktool upgrades Managing framework files Frameworks are stored in $HOME/apktool/framework for Windows and Unix systems. Mac OS X has a slightly different folder location of $HOME/Library/apktool/framework. If these directories are not available it will default to java.io.tmpdir which is usually /tmp. This is a volatile directory so it would make sense to take advantage of the parameter --frame-path to select an alternative folder for framework files. Note Apktool has no control over the frameworks once installed, but you are free to manage these files on your own. Tagging framework files Frameworks are stored in the naming convention of: <id>-<tag>.apk. They are identified by pkgId and optionally custom tag. Usually tagging frameworks isn't necessary, but if you work on apps from many different devices and they have incompatible frameworks, you will need some way to easily switch between them. You could tag frameworks by: $ apktool if com.htc.resources.apk -t hero I: Framework installed to: /home/brutall/apktool/framework/2-hero.apk $ apktool if com.htc.resources.apk -t desire I: Framework installed to: /home/brutall/apktool/framework/2-desire.apk Then: $ apktool d HtcContacts.apk -t hero I: Loading resource table... I: Decoding resources... I: Loading resource table from file: /home/brutall/apktool/framework/1.apk I: Loading resource table from file: /home/brutall/apktool/framework/2-hero.apk I: Copying assets and libs... $ apktool d HtcContacts.apk -t desire I: Loading resource table... I: Decoding resources... I: Loading resource table from file: /home/brutall/apktool/framework/1.apk I: Loading resource table from file: /home/brutall/apktool/framework/2-desire.apk I: Copying assets and libs... You don't have to select a tag when building apk - apktool automatically uses the same tag, as when decoding. Smali Debugging Warning SmaliDebugging has been marked as deprecated in 2.0.3, and removed in 2.1. Please check SmaliIdea for a debugger. Apktool makes possible to debug smali code step by step, watch variables, set breakpoints, etc. General information Generally we need several things to run Java debugging session: debugger server (usually Java VM) debugger client (usually IDE like IntelliJ, Eclipse or Netbeans) client must have sources of debugged application server must have binaries compiled with debugging symbols referencing these sources sources must be java files with at least package and class definitions, to properly connect them with debugging symbols In our particular situation we have: server: Monitor (Previously DDMS), part of Android SDK, standard for debugging Android applications - explained here client: any JPDA client - most of decent IDEs have support for this protocol. sources: smali code modified by apktool to satisfy above requirements (".java" extension, class declaration, etc.). Apktool modifies them when decoding apk in debug mode. binaries: when building apk in debug mode, apktool removes original symbols and adds new, which are referencing smali code (line numbers, registers/variables, etc.) Info To successfully run debug sessions, the apk must be both decoded and built in debug mode. Decoding with debug decodes the application differently to allow the debug rebuild option to inject lines allowing the debugger to identify variables and types.-d / --debug General instructions Above information is enough to debug smali code using apktool, but if you aren't familiar with DDMS and Java debugging, then you probably still don't know how to do it. Below are simple instructions for doing it using IntelliJ or Netbeans. Decode apk in debug mode: $ apktool d -d -o out app.apk Build new apk in debug mode: $ apktool b -d out Sign, install and run new apk. Follow sub-instructions below depending on IDE. IntelliJ (Android Studio) instructions In IntelliJ add new Java Module Project selecting the "out" directory as project location and the "smali" subdirectory as content root dir. Run Monitor (Android SDK /tools folder), find your application on a list and click it. Note port information in last column - it should be something like "86xx / 8700". In IntelliJ: Debug -> Edit Configurations. Since this is a new project, you will have to create a Debugger. Create a Remote Debugger, with the settings on "Attach" and setting the Port to 8700 (Or whatever Monitor said). The rest of fields should be ok, click "Ok". Start the debugging session. You will see some info in a log and debugging buttons will show up in top panel. Set breakpoint. You must select line with some instruction, you can't set breakpoint on lines starting with ".", ":" or "#". Trigger some action in application. If you run at breakpoint, then thread should stop and you will be able to debug step by step, watch variables, etc. Netbeans instructions In Netbeans add new Java Project with Existing Sources, select "out" directory as project root and "smali" subdirectory as sources dir. Run DDMS, find your application on a list and click it. Note port information in last column - it should be something like "86xx / 8700". In Netbeans: Debug -> Attach Debugger -> select JPDA and set Port to 8700 (or whatever you saw in previous step). Rest of fields should be ok, click "Ok". Debugging session should start: you will see some info in a log and debugging buttons will show up in top panel. Set breakpoint. You must select line with some instruction, you can't set breakpoint on lines starting with ".", ":" or "#". Trigger some action in application. If you run at breakpoint, then thread should stop and you will be able to debug step by step, watch variables, etc. Limitations/Issues Because IDE doesn't have full sources, it doesn't know about class members and such. Variables watching works because most of data could be read from memory (objects in Java know about their types), but if for example, you watch an object and it has some nulled member, then you won't see, what type this member is. 9Patch Images Docs exist for the mysterious 9patch images here and there. (Read these first). These docs though are meant for developers and lack information for those who work with already compiled 3rd party applications. There you can find information how to create them, but no information about how they actually work. I will try and explain it here. The official docs miss one point that 9patch images come in two forms: source & compiled. source - You know this one. You find it in the source of an application or freely available online. These are images with a black border around them. compiled - The mysterious form found in apk files. There are no borders and the 9patch data is written into a binary chunk called npTc. You can't see or modify it easily, but Android OS can as its quicker to read. There are problems related to the above two points. You can't move 9patch images between both types without a conversion. If you try and unpack 9patch images from an apk and use it in the source of another, you will get errors during build. Also vice versa, you cannot take source 9patch images directly into an apk. 9patch binary chunk isn't recognized by modern image processing tools. So modifying the compiled image will more than likely break the npTc chunk, thus breaking the image on the device. The only solution to this problem is to easily convert between these two types. The encoder (which takes source to compiled) is built into the aapt tool and is automatically used during build. This means we only need to build a decoder which has been in apktool since v1.3.0 and is automatically ran on all 9patch images during decode. So if you want to modify 9patch images, don't do it directly. Use apktool to decode the application (including the 9patch images) and then modify the images. At that point when you build the application back, the source 9patch images will be compiled. Other FAQ What about the -j switch shown from the original YouTube videos? Read Issue 199. In short - it doesn't exist. Is it possible to run apktool on a device? Sadly not. There are some incompatibilities with SnakeYAML, java.nio and aapt Where can I download sources of apktool? From our Github or Bitbucket project. Resulting apk file is much smaller than original! Is there something missing? There are a couple of reasons that might cause this. Apktool builds unsigned apks. This means an entire directory META-INF is missing. New aapt binary. Newer versions of apktool contain a newer aapt which optimizes images differently. These points might have contributed to a smaller than normal apk There is no META-INF dir in resulting apk. Is this ok? Yes. META-INF contains apk signatures. After modifying the apk it is no longer signed. You can use -c / --copy-original to retain these signatures. However, using -c uses the original AndroidManifest.xml file, so changes to it will be lost. What do you call "magic apks"? For some reason there are apks that are built using modified build tools. These apks don't work on a regular AOSP Android build, but usually are accompanied by a modified system that can read these modified apks. Apktool cannot handle these apks, therefore they are "magic". Could I integrate apktool into my own tool? Could I modify apktool sources? Do I have to credit you? Actually the Apache License, which apktool uses, answers all these questions. Yes you can redistribute and/or modify apktool without my permission. However, if you do it would be nice to add our contributors (brut.all, iBotPeaches and JesusFreke) into your credits but it's not required. Where does apktool store its framework files? unix - $HOME/.local/share/apktool mac - $HOME/Library/apktool windows - $HOME/AppData/Local/apktool Options Utility Options that can be executed at any time. -version, --version Outputs current version. (Ex: 1.5.2) -v, --verbose Verbose output. Must be first parameter -q, --quiet Quiet output. Must be first parameter -advance, --advanced Advance usage output Decode These are all the options when decoding an apk. --api <API> The numeric api-level of the smali files to generate (defaults to targetSdkVersion) -b, --no-debug-info Prevents baksmali from writing out debug info (.local, .param, .line, etc). Preferred to use if you are comparing smali from the same APK of different versions. The line numbers and debug will change among versions, which can make DIFF reports a pain. -f, --force Force delete destination directory. Use when trying to decode to a folder that already exists --keep-broken-res - Advanced If there is an error like "Invalid Config Flags Detected. Dropping Resources...". This means that APK has a different structure then Apktool can handle. This might be a newer Android version or a random APK that doesn't match standards. Running this will allow the decode, but then you have to manually fix the folders with -ERR in them. -m, --match-original - Used for analysis Matches files closest as possible to original, but prevents rebuild. -o, --output <DIR> The name of the folder that apk gets written to -p, --frame-path <DIR> The folder location where framework files should be stored/read from -r, --no-res This will prevent the decompile of resources. This keeps the resources.arsc intact without any decode. If only editing Java (smali) then this is the recommend for faster decompile & rebuild -s, --no-src This will prevent the disassemble of the dex files. This keeps the apk classes.dex file and simply moves it during build. If your only editing the resources. This is recommended for faster decompile & rebuild -t, --frame-tag <TAG> Uses framework files tagged via <TAG> Rebuild These are all the options when building an apk. -a, --aapt <FILE> Loads aapt from the specified file location, instead of relying on path. Falls back to $PATH loading, if no file found -c, --copy-original - Will still require signature resign post API18 Copies original AndroidManifest.xml and META-INF folder into built apk -d, --debug Adds debuggable="true" to AndroidManifest file. -f, --force-all Overwrites existing files during build, reassembling the resources.arsc file and classes.dex file -o, --output <FILE> The name and location of the apk that gets written -p, --frame-path <DIR> The location where framework files are loaded from
Apache Geronimo 2.1_ Quick Reference.pdf
08-16
Table of Contents Preface 1 Chapter 1: Getting Started with Geronimo 7 Motivation behind the Geronimo project 7 Constituent projects 8 Apache Geronimo architecture 11 Downloading and running Apache Geronimo 12 Geronimo Administration Console 14 Information portlet 15 Java System Info portlet 15 Server Logs portlet 15 Web Server portlet 16 JMS Server portlet 16 Repository portlet 16 JMS Resources portlet 16 Database Pools portlet 16 Deploy New portlet 16 Plan Creator portlet 17 Plugins portlet 17 Applications portlets 17 Users and Groups portlet 17 DB Info portlet 18 DB Manager portlet 18 Building Geronimo 18 Contributing to Geronimo 20 Java EE 5 development tools 20 Java EE 5 samples 20 Summary 21 Chapter 2: Geronimo Architecture 23 Inversion of Control and dependency injection 24 GBeans 28 Configurations 30 This material is copyright and is licensed for the sole use by Jillian Fraser on 20th November 2009 111 Sutter Street, Suite 1800, San Francisco, , 94104 Download at WoweBook.Com Table of Contents [ ii ] Dependencies 31 High-level architecture 32 Class loader architecture 35 Modifying default class loading behavior 36 Important modules 37 Server directory structure 40 Deployment architecture 42 Deployer 42 Repository 43 Configuration builder 43 Module builder 44 Module builder extension 45 Naming builder 46 Hot deployment 46 Deployment watcher 47 Plugins 47 Plugin catalog and plugin repository 47 Custom server assemblies 48 Extensible Administration Console 48 Summary 48 Chapter 3: Database Connectivity 49 Database pool scopes 50 Creating a server-wide database pool 51 Using the Administration Console Wizard 51 Installing unlisted drivers 55 Using the Deploy New portlet 56 Using the command-line deployer 61 Using GShell 62 Creating an application-scoped database pool 62 Creating a client-scoped pool 64 Editing an existing pool 66 Importing a pool from another application server 67 Creating an XA pool 69 Using a database pool in an application 70 Accessing a server-scoped database pool 70 Accessing an application-scoped database pool from the same application 74 Accessing an application-scoped database pool from a different application 74 Summary 74 This material is copyright and is licensed for the sole use by Jillian Fraser on 20th November 2009 111 Sutter Street, Suite 1800, San Francisco, , 94104 Download at WoweBook.Com Table of Contents [ iii ] Chapter 4: JMS Connectivity 75 Message broker configuration 75 GBean configuration 76 Using the Administration Console 78 JMS resource scopes 78 Creating JMS resources 78 Creating Server-wide JMS resources 79 Using the Administration Console Wizard 79 Using the Deploy New portlet 86 Using the command-line deployer 86 Using GShell 86 Creating application-scoped JMS resources 86 Creating application client-scoped JMS resources 89 Using JMS resources in an application 90 Connecting to a different provider 94 Summary 94 Chapter 5: Java EE Application Deployment 95 Deployment of applications 96 Deployment descriptors 96 Deployment plans 97 The deploy tool 98 Deployment from the Administration Console 100 Deployment through GShell 100 Web modules 100 Servlet 100 Filter 101 Listener 102 Web deployment descriptor 105 Annotations 106 Resource annotation 106 EJB annotation 107 Web deployment plan 108 Tomcat specific configuration 110 Jetty specific configuration 111 Sample web application 112 EJB applications 112 Annotations 113 EJB deployment plan 116 Sample EJB application 118 Deploy the JMS resources 120 Deploy the EJB sample 120 Deploy the Web application 120 This material is copyright and is licensed for the sole use by Jillian Fraser on 20th November 2009 111 Sutter Street, Suite 1800, San Francisco, , 94104 Download at WoweBook.Com Table of Contents [ iv ] JPA Applications 120 Annotations 122 Container-managed persistence 122 CMP sample application 122 Bean-managed persistence 124 BMP sample application 125 Enterprise applications 127 Deployment plan 127 Application clients 129 Deployment plan 130 JavaMail 134 Web Services 135 EAR sample application 137 Deploying an EJB web service 140 Transactions 142 Container-managed transactions 142 Annotations 143 TransactionManagement 143 TransactionAttribute 144 Bean-managed transactions 144 Support in Geronimo 145 Setting transaction timeout 145 Transaction isolation levels 145 Transactions in web applications 146 Summary 148 Chapter 6: Security 149 Overview of security standards 149 Java Authentication and Authorization Service (JAAS) 150 Java Authorization Contract for Containers (JACC) 150 The Common Secure Interoperability Version 2 (CSIv2) protocol 150 Securing the server directory 150 Securing the Administration Console, JMX server, and deployer 151 Securing the embedded Derby database 152 Updating database pools 153 Cryptographic security 154 Keystores 154 Keystores portlet 155 Creating a new keystore 156 Viewing the contents of a keystore 156 Adding a private key 157 Adding a trusted certificate 158 Deleting a private key or trusted certificate 159 Changing a keystore password 159 This material is copyright and is licensed for the sole use by Jillian Fraser on 20th November 2009 111 Sutter Street, Suite 1800, San Francisco, , 94104 Download at WoweBook.Com Table of Contents [ v ] Unlocking keystore for availability 159 Unlocking a keystore for editing 160 Locking a keystore for editing or availability 160 View private key details 161 Changing a Private Key password 161 Generating CSR for a Private Key 161 Importing the CA Reply for a Private Key 162 Preparing a keystore for use with SSL 162 Certificate Authority portlet 164 Protecting passwords 164 HTTPS connectors 164 Tomcat HTTPS connectors 165 Jetty HTTPS connectors 166 JAAS login modules 166 Login modules for authentication 166 PropertiesFile login module 167 SQL login module 168 LDAP login module 169 CertificatePropertiesFile login module 171 Using custom login modules 172 Special purpose login modules 172 FileAudit login module 172 RepeatedFailureLockout login module 173 GeronimoPasswordCredential login module 173 NamedUsernamePasswordCredential login module 173 Security realms 174 Creating a security realm 174 Using the Security Realms portlet 174 Security realm deployment plan 179 Principal wrapping 180 Application security 180 Configuring web application security 180 Running the sample web application 185 Configuring EJB application security 185 Defining security roles in the deployment descriptor 185 Declaring method permissions in the deployment descriptor 186 Using annotations to define roles and permissions 188 Mapping principals to roles in the EJB deployment plan 189 Running the EJB sample application 190 Configuring entity bean security 191 Run-as and default subjects 192 Credential store 192 Configuring an application to use a credential store 193 Configuring run-as and default subjects 194 Running a sample EJB application with run-as 195 Configuring message-driven bean security 196 This material is copyright and is licensed for the sole use by Jillian Fraser on 20th November 2009 111 Sutter Street, Suite 1800, San Francisco, , 94104 Download at WoweBook.Com Table of Contents [ vi ] Configuring EAR application security 196 Application-scoped security realms 196 Single sign-on (SSO) 196 Replacing the default security realm 197 Summary 197 Chapter 7: CORBA 199 CORBA concepts 199 ORB 199 Naming service 199 Security services 200 Support in Geronimo 200 Exposing EJBs through CORBA 200 Creating a Target Security Service (TSS) 200 SSL 202 Authentication mechanism 203 Identity Tokens 204 Configuring EJB to use TSS 205 Sample application exposing EJBs through CORBA 205 Deploying and running the sample EJB application 209 Referencing EJBs through CORBA 209 Creating a Client Security Service (CSS) 209 SSL 211 Authentication mechanism 212 Identity tokens 213 Configuring the EJB reference to use CSS 214 Sample web application accessing CORBA EJBs 214 Sample CSS 215 Deploying and running the sample 217 Summary 217 Chapter 8: Naming and JNDI 219 Application local JNDI context 219 resource-ref 221 resource-env-ref 222 ejb-ref 222 ejb-local-ref 223 service-ref 224 message-destination-ref 225 persistence-context-ref 226 persistence-unit-ref 227 gbean-ref 228 This material is copyright and is licensed for the sole use by Jillian Fraser on 20th November 2009 111 Sutter Street, Suite 1800, San Francisco, , 94104 Download at WoweBook.Com Table of Contents [ vii ] Global JNDI 228 Summary 229 Chapter 9: Geronimo Plugins 231 Developing a plugin 231 Creating a plugin project 232 Installing a plugin 236 Available plugins 237 Pluggable Administration Console 237 Architecture 238 Developing an Administration Console extension 238 Plugins portlet 243 Custom server assemblies and server profiles 245 Summary 247 Chapter 10: Administration 249 Administration Console 249 Server portlets 251 Information portlet 251 Java System Info portlet 252 Server Logs portlet 252 Shutdown portlet 252 Web Server portlet 253 Thread Pools portlet 253 Apache HTTP portlet 253 JMS Server portlet 253 Monitoring portlet 253 Services portlets 253 Repository portlet 254 Database Pools portlet 254 JMS Resources portlet 255 Applications portlets 255 Deploy New portlet 255 System Modules portlet 256 Web App WARs portlet 256 EJB JARs portlet 256 Application EARs portlet 256 J2EE connectors portlet 257 App Clients portlet 257 Plan Creator portlet 257 Embedded DB portlets 258 DB Info portlet 258 DB Manager portlet 258 Debug Views portlets 260 JMX Viewer portlet 260 LDAP Viewer portlet 261 This material is copyright and is licensed for the sole use by Jillian Fraser on 20th November 2009 111 Sutter Street, Suite 1800, San Francisco, , 94104 Download at WoweBook.Com Table of Contents [ viii ] ClassLoader Viewer portlet 263 JNDI Viewer portlet 265 Dependency Viewer portlet 267 Web Server administration 268 HTTP connectors 269 HTTPS connectors 271 AJP connectors 273 Web Server Logs 274 JMS server administration 275 JMS listeners 275 Monitoring the server 276 Adding a Server 277 Adding a Graph 279 Creating a new view 280 GShell 282 Starting and exiting GShell 282 Getting help 283 Supported commands 283 Summary 287 Chapter 11: Geronimo Eclipse Plugin 289 Eclipse and the web tools framework 290 Download and installation 290 GEP download and installation 292 Developing an application in GEP 298 Deploying and running or debugging the application in Geronimo 305 Summary 306 Chapter 12: Clustering 307 WADI 308 Updating deployment descriptor and deployment plan 308 Load balancing with Apache web server 310 Installing the Apache web server 310 Web app in Geronimo served through Apache web server 310 Apache HTTP portlet 311 Accessing the sample app through Apache web server 315 Running multiple server instances from a single installation 315 Clustered Helloworld-cluster application 317 Updating workers.properties 317 Farming 320 Cluster member configuration 320 This material is copyright and is licensed for the sole use by Jillian Fraser on 20th November 2009 111 Sutter Street, Suite 1800, San Francisco, , 94104 Download at WoweBook.Com Table of Contents [ ix ] Farm deployment 321 Running a sample application with Farm deployment 322 Summary 323 Chapter 13: Logging 325 Configuring Apache Geronimo logging 326 Configuring application logging 327 Using log4j 327 Logging to the geronimo.log file and the command console 328 Logging to a separate log file 330 Logging using the ApplicationLog4jConfigurationGBean 332 Using the Java Logging API 333 Using the SLF4j logging adapter 333 Summary 334 Chapter 14: Geronimo Internals 335 Services provided by Geronimo 335 Kernel 335 ServerInfo 337 Configurations and deployment 338 ConfigurationManager 339 EditableConfigurationManager 340 LocalAttributeManager 341 ArtifactResolver 341 Developing a new GBean 342 GBean attributes 343 Magic attributes 344 GBean references 344 GBean operations 345 GBean constructor 345 GBean interface 346 GBeanLifecycle 346 Sample GBean MySampleGBean 347 Deploying the GBean 350 Testing the GBean with GBean web app sample 353 Summary 355 Appendix A: Deployment Plans 357 Environment 358 GBeans 362 Application Client 365 This material is copyright and is licensed for the sole use by Jillian Fraser on 20th November 2009 111 Sutter Street, Suite 1800, San Francisco, , 94104 Download at WoweBook.Com Table of Contents [ x ] Appendix B: Troubleshooting 367 Server startup errors 367 BindException 367 IllegalArgumentException due to a wrong instance name 368 InvalidConfigurationException 369 Deployment errors 369 MissingDependencyException 369 XmlException—Invalid deployment descriptor 370 DuplicateDeploymentException 371 Runtime errors 372 LoginException—No LoginModules configured 372 Index 373
acpi控制笔记本风扇转速
04-16
笔记本的风扇控制 ---------------------------------------- 09 November 2006. Summary of changes for version 20061109: 1) ACPI CA Core Subsystem: Optimized the Load ASL operator in the case where the source operand is an operation region. Simply map the operation region memory, instead of performing a bytewise read. (Region must be of type SystemMemory, see below.) Fixed the Load ASL operator for the case where the source operand is a region field. A buffer object is also allowed as the source operand. BZ 480 Fixed a problem where the Load ASL operator allowed the source operand to be an operation region of any type. It is now restricted to regions of type SystemMemory, as per the ACPI specification. BZ 481 Additional cleanup and optimizations for the new Table Manager code. AcpiEnable will now fail if all of the required ACPI tables are not loaded (FADT, FACS, DSDT). BZ 477 Added #pragma pack(8/4) to acobject.h to ensure that the structures in this header are always compiled as aligned. The ACPI_OPERAND_OBJECT has been manually optimized to be aligned and will not work if it is byte-packed. Example Code and Data Size: These are the sizes for the OS- independent acpica.lib produced by the Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 32- bit compiler. The debug version of the code includes the debug output trace mechanism and has a much larger code and data size. Previous Release: Non-Debug Version: 78.1K Code, 17.1K Data, 95.2K Total Debug Version: 155.4K Code, 63.1K Data, 218.5K Total Current Release: Non-Debug Version: 77.9K Code, 17.0K Data, 94.9K Total Debug Version: 155.2K Code, 63.1K Data, 218.3K Total 2) iASL Compiler/Disassembler and Tools: Fixed a problem where the presence of the _OSI predefined control method within complex expressions could cause an internal compiler error. AcpiExec: Implemented full region support for multiple address spaces. SpaceId is now part of the REGION object. BZ 429 ---------------------------------------- 11 Oc
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