MySQL中join用法解析
实例数据库如下:
student表:
mysql> select * from student;
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+
| Sno | Sname | Ssex | Sage | Sdept |
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+
| 201215121 | 李勇 | 男 | 22 | CS |
| 201215122 | 刘晨 | 女 | 19 | CS |
| 201215123 | 王敏 | 女 | 18 | MA |
| 201215125 | 张立 | 男 | 19 | IS |
| 201215128 | 陈冬 | 男 | 18 | IS |
| 201215126 | 张成民 | 男 | 18 | CS |
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
sc表:
mysql> select * from sc;
+-----------+------+-------+
| Sno | Cno | Grade |
+-----------+------+-------+
| 201215121 | 1 | 92 |
| 201215121 | 2 | 85 |
| 201215121 | 3 | 88 |
| 201215122 | 2 | 90 |
| 201215122 | 3 | 80 |
| 201215128 | 1 | 78 |
+-----------+------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
LEFT JOIN(左连接)
sql语句如下:
select * from student left join sc on student.Sno=sc.Sno;
运行结果如下:
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+-----------+------+-------+
| Sno | Sname | Ssex | Sage | Sdept | Sno | Cno | Grade |
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+-----------+------+-------+
| 201215121 | 李勇 | 男 | 22 | CS | 201215121 | 1 | 92 |
| 201215121 | 李勇 | 男 | 22 | CS | 201215121 | 2 | 85 |
| 201215121 | 李勇 | 男 | 22 | CS | 201215121 | 3 | 88 |
| 201215122 | 刘晨 | 女 | 19 | CS | 201215122 | 2 | 90 |
| 201215122 | 刘晨 | 女 | 19 | CS | 201215122 | 3 | 80 |
| 201215128 | 陈冬 | 男 | 18 | IS | 201215128 | 1 | 78 |
| 201215123 | 王敏 | 女 | 18 | MA | NULL | NULL | NULL |
| 201215125 | 张立 | 男 | 19 | IS | NULL | NULL | NULL |
| 201215126 | 张成民 | 男 | 18 | CS | NULL | NULL | NULL |
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+-----------+------+-------+
在此例中left join 是以student表中的记录为基础,student表可以看成左表,sc表可以看成右表,左表中的记录会完全显示出来,加上匹配到的右表,如果左边没有匹配到,则其余部分显示为null。
USING字句
using字句和on字句,类似,但结果略有不同。
例如:
mysql> select student.Sno,Sname,Grade from student left join sc on student.Sno=sc.Sno;
+-----------+-----------+-------+
| Sno | Sname | Grade |
+-----------+-----------+-------+
| 201215121 | 李勇 | 92 |
| 201215121 | 李勇 | 85 |
| 201215121 | 李勇 | 88 |
| 201215122 | 刘晨 | 90 |
| 201215122 | 刘晨 | 80 |
| 201215128 | 陈冬 | 78 |
| 201215123 | 王敏 | NULL |
| 201215125 | 张立 | NULL |
| 201215126 | 张成民 | NULL |
+-----------+-----------+-------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
以上等价于
select Sno,Sname,Grade from student left join sc using(Sno);
+-----------+-----------+-------+
| Sno | Sname | Grade |
+-----------+-----------+-------+
| 201215121 | 李勇 | 92 |
| 201215121 | 李勇 | 85 |
| 201215121 | 李勇 | 88 |
| 201215122 | 刘晨 | 90 |
| 201215122 | 刘晨 | 80 |
| 201215128 | 陈冬 | 78 |
| 201215123 | 王敏 | NULL |
| 201215125 | 张立 | NULL |
| 201215126 | 张成民 | NULL |
+-----------+-----------+-------+
不同的地方,例如:
select * from student left join sc on student.Sno=sc.Sno;
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+-----------+------+-------+
| Sno | Sname | Ssex | Sage | Sdept | Sno | Cno | Grade |
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+-----------+------+-------+
| 201215121 | 李勇 | 男 | 22 | CS | 201215121 | 1 | 92 |
| 201215121 | 李勇 | 男 | 22 | CS | 201215121 | 2 | 85 |
| 201215121 | 李勇 | 男 | 22 | CS | 201215121 | 3 | 88 |
| 201215122 | 刘晨 | 女 | 19 | CS | 201215122 | 2 | 90 |
| 201215122 | 刘晨 | 女 | 19 | CS | 201215122 | 3 | 80 |
| 201215128 | 陈冬 | 男 | 18 | IS | 201215128 | 1 | 78 |
| 201215123 | 王敏 | 女 | 18 | MA | NULL | NULL | NULL |
| 201215125 | 张立 | 男 | 19 | IS | NULL | NULL | NULL |
| 201215126 | 张成民 | 男 | 18 | CS | NULL | NULL | NULL |
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+-----------+------+-------+
select * from student left join sc using (sno);
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+------+-------+
| Sno | Sname | Ssex | Sage | Sdept | Cno | Grade |
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+------+-------+
| 201215121 | 李勇 | 男 | 22 | CS | 1 | 92 |
| 201215121 | 李勇 | 男 | 22 | CS | 2 | 85 |
| 201215121 | 李勇 | 男 | 22 | CS | 3 | 88 |
| 201215122 | 刘晨 | 女 | 19 | CS | 2 | 90 |
| 201215122 | 刘晨 | 女 | 19 | CS | 3 | 80 |
| 201215128 | 陈冬 | 男 | 18 | IS | 1 | 78 |
| 201215123 | 王敏 | 女 | 18 | MA | NULL | NULL |
| 201215125 | 张立 | 男 | 19 | IS | NULL | NULL |
| 201215126 | 张成民 | 男 | 18 | CS | NULL | NULL |
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+------+-------+
重复的Sno列,如果用on字句会被输出两次
RIGHT JOIN(右连接)
同LEFT JOIN,只不过以右表为基础,例如:
select * from student right join sc using (sno);
+-----------+------+-------+--------+------+------+-------+
| Sno | Cno | Grade | Sname | Ssex | Sage | Sdept |
+-----------+------+-------+--------+------+------+-------+
| 201215121 | 1 | 92 | 李勇 | 男 | 22 | CS |
| 201215121 | 2 | 85 | 李勇 | 男 | 22 | CS |
| 201215121 | 3 | 88 | 李勇 | 男 | 22 | CS |
| 201215122 | 2 | 90 | 刘晨 | 女 | 19 | CS |
| 201215122 | 3 | 80 | 刘晨 | 女 | 19 | CS |
| 201215128 | 1 | 78 | 陈冬 | 男 | 18 | IS |
+-----------+------+-------+--------+------+------+-------+
INNER JOIN(相等连接或内连接)
不会显示以谁为基础,只会显示符合条件的记录
select * from student inner join sc on student.Sno=sc.Sno;
+-----------+--------+------+------+-------+-----------+------+-------+
| Sno | Sname | Ssex | Sage | Sdept | Sno | Cno | Grade |
+-----------+--------+------+------+-------+-----------+------+-------+
| 201215121 | 李勇 | 男 | 22 | CS | 201215121 | 1 | 92 |
| 201215121 | 李勇 | 男 | 22 | CS | 201215121 | 2 | 85 |
| 201215121 | 李勇 | 男 | 22 | CS | 201215121 | 3 | 88 |
| 201215122 | 刘晨 | 女 | 19 | CS | 201215122 | 2 | 90 |
| 201215122 | 刘晨 | 女 | 19 | CS | 201215122 | 3 | 80 |
| 201215128 | 陈冬 | 男 | 18 | IS | 201215128 | 1 | 78 |
+-----------+--------+------+------+-------+-----------+------+-------+
以上语句等同于:
select * from student,sc where student.Sno=sc.Sno;
+-----------+--------+------+------+-------+-----------+------+-------+
| Sno | Sname | Ssex | Sage | Sdept | Sno | Cno | Grade |
+-----------+--------+------+------+-------+-----------+------+-------+
| 201215121 | 李勇 | 男 | 22 | CS | 201215121 | 1 | 92 |
| 201215121 | 李勇 | 男 | 22 | CS | 201215121 | 2 | 85 |
| 201215121 | 李勇 | 男 | 22 | CS | 201215121 | 3 | 88 |
| 201215122 | 刘晨 | 女 | 19 | CS | 201215122 | 2 | 90 |
| 201215122 | 刘晨 | 女 | 19 | CS | 201215122 | 3 | 80 |
| 201215128 | 陈冬 | 男 | 18 | IS | 201215128 | 1 | 78 |
+-----------+--------+------+------+-------+-----------+------+-------+
扩展
如果只想从A表中取出一些记录,但不包含B表
可以在left join 后面加上一个where语句
select * from student left join sc using(Sno) where sc.Sno is null;
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+------+-------+
| Sno | Sname | Ssex | Sage | Sdept | Cno | Grade |
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+------+-------+
| 201215123 | 王敏 | 女 | 18 | MA | NULL | NULL |
| 201215125 | 张立 | 男 | 19 | IS | NULL | NULL |
| 201215126 | 张成民 | 男 | 18 | CS | NULL | NULL |
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+------+-------+
求差集
可以结合union字句,由于本例中,右侧的已经全部对应的所以显示结果,和上一个一致。
select * from student left join sc using(Sno) where student.Sno is null union select * from student left join sc using(Sno) where sc.Sno is null;
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+------+-------+
| Sno | Sname | Ssex | Sage | Sdept | Cno | Grade |
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+------+-------+
| 201215123 | 王敏 | 女 | 18 | MA | NULL | NULL |
| 201215125 | 张立 | 男 | 19 | IS | NULL | NULL |
| 201215126 | 张成民 | 男 | 18 | CS | NULL | NULL |
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+------+-------+
FULL JOIN
select * from student left join sc on student.Sno=sc.Sno union select * from student right join sc on student.Sno=sc.Sno;
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+-----------+------+-------+
| Sno | Sname | Ssex | Sage | Sdept | Sno | Cno | Grade |
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+-----------+------+-------+
| 201215121 | 李勇 | 男 | 22 | CS | 201215121 | 1 | 92 |
| 201215121 | 李勇 | 男 | 22 | CS | 201215121 | 2 | 85 |
| 201215121 | 李勇 | 男 | 22 | CS | 201215121 | 3 | 88 |
| 201215122 | 刘晨 | 女 | 19 | CS | 201215122 | 2 | 90 |
| 201215122 | 刘晨 | 女 | 19 | CS | 201215122 | 3 | 80 |
| 201215128 | 陈冬 | 男 | 18 | IS | 201215128 | 1 | 78 |
| 201215123 | 王敏 | 女 | 18 | MA | NULL | NULL | NULL |
| 201215125 | 张立 | 男 | 19 | IS | NULL | NULL | NULL |
| 201215126 | 张成民 | 男 | 18 | CS | NULL | NULL | NULL |
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+-----------+------+-------+
注:A left join B 等同于 B right join A
mysql> select * from student left join sc using(Sno);
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+------+-------+
| Sno | Sname | Ssex | Sage | Sdept | Cno | Grade |
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+------+-------+
| 201215121 | 李勇 | 男 | 22 | CS | 1 | 92 |
| 201215121 | 李勇 | 男 | 22 | CS | 2 | 85 |
| 201215121 | 李勇 | 男 | 22 | CS | 3 | 88 |
| 201215122 | 刘晨 | 女 | 19 | CS | 2 | 90 |
| 201215122 | 刘晨 | 女 | 19 | CS | 3 | 80 |
| 201215128 | 陈冬 | 男 | 18 | IS | 1 | 78 |
| 201215123 | 王敏 | 女 | 18 | MA | NULL | NULL |
| 201215125 | 张立 | 男 | 19 | IS | NULL | NULL |
| 201215126 | 张成民 | 男 | 18 | CS | NULL | NULL |
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+------+-------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from sc right join student using(Sno);
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+------+-------+
| Sno | Sname | Ssex | Sage | Sdept | Cno | Grade |
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+------+-------+
| 201215121 | 李勇 | 男 | 22 | CS | 1 | 92 |
| 201215121 | 李勇 | 男 | 22 | CS | 2 | 85 |
| 201215121 | 李勇 | 男 | 22 | CS | 3 | 88 |
| 201215122 | 刘晨 | 女 | 19 | CS | 2 | 90 |
| 201215122 | 刘晨 | 女 | 19 | CS | 3 | 80 |
| 201215128 | 陈冬 | 男 | 18 | IS | 1 | 78 |
| 201215123 | 王敏 | 女 | 18 | MA | NULL | NULL |
| 201215125 | 张立 | 男 | 19 | IS | NULL | NULL |
| 201215126 | 张成民 | 男 | 18 | CS | NULL | NULL |
+-----------+-----------+------+------+-------+------+-------+