关于基类和派生类的动态绑定问题
Example 1
Quote是基类
class Quote
{
public:
//constructor and other member function
virtual std::ostream& debug (std::ostream& os)
{
os << bookNo << " " << price << " ";
return os;
}
//member data
private:
}
Bulk_quote是派生类
class Bulk_quote : public Quote
{
public:
// constructor
std::ostream& debug(std::ostream& os) override
{
Quote::debug(os) << quantity << " " << discount;
return os;
}
};
int main()
{
Quote a("12232", 12.3);
Bulk_quote b("3344", 22.2, 8, 0.13);
// Disc_quote c;
Quote *p1 = &a;
Quote *p2 = &b;
Quote &pt1 = a;
Quote &pt2 = b;
///
a.debug(std::cout)<< endl;
b.debug(std::cout)<< endl;
p1->debug(std::cout)<< endl;
p2->debug(std::cout)<< endl;
pt1.debug(std::cout)<< endl;
pt2.debug(std::cout)<< endl;
}
- p2和pt2的静态类型是基类的指针或者引用,但是被指向或者绑定在了派生类上,而
debug()
成员函数是virtual function, 所以在用指针和引用的时候编译器就要判断选择基类还是派生类
Example 2
class Base
{
public:
virtual void fn1 () {std::cout << "Base::fn1() operated" << std::endl;}
void fn2() {std::cout << "Base::fn2() operated" << std::endl;}
};
class Derived: public Base
{
public:
void fn1() override {std::cout << "Derived::fn1() operated" << std::endl;}
void fn2() {std::cout << "Derived::fn2() operated" << std::endl;}
};
int main()
{
Derived der;
Derived *der_ptr;
Base *base_ptr;
der_ptr = &der;
base_ptr = &der;
der_ptr->fn1();
der_ptr->fn2();
base_ptr->fn1();
base_ptr->fn2();
}
运行结果
- 动态绑定只对virtual function 有用,由于
fn2
是基类中的普通成员函数, 则base_ptr
虽然指向一个派生类,其调用的函数还是派生类对象中的基类部分中的成员函数