Easy Summation
Time Limit : 2000/1000ms (Java/Other) Memory Limit : 131072/131072K (Java/Other)
Total Submission(s) : 6 Accepted Submission(s) : 1
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Problem Description
You are encountered with a traditional problem concerning the sums of powers.
Given two integers n and k . Let f(i)=ik , please evaluate the sum f(1)+f(2)+...+f(n) . The problem is simple as it looks, apart from the value of n in this question is quite large.
Can you figure the answer out? Since the answer may be too large, please output the answer modulo 109+7 .
Given two integers n and k . Let f(i)=ik , please evaluate the sum f(1)+f(2)+...+f(n) . The problem is simple as it looks, apart from the value of n in this question is quite large.
Can you figure the answer out? Since the answer may be too large, please output the answer modulo 109+7 .
Input
The first line of the input contains an integer
T(1≤T≤20)
, denoting the number of test cases.
Each of the following T lines contains two integers n(1≤n≤10000) and k(0≤k≤5) .
Each of the following T lines contains two integers n(1≤n≤10000) and k(0≤k≤5) .
Output
For each test case, print a single line containing an integer modulo
109+7
.
Sample Input
3 2 5 4 2 4 1
Sample Output
33 30 10
Source
2017中国大学生程序设计竞赛 - 女生专场
思路:
刚刚看到这道题觉得就是用大数相加的方法,先分别求出f(1)...f(n),在把这些数加起来。最后调试完成后发现超时,后来在网上看到别人40行代码,才知道了快速幂,确实快很多,安利一下这种解法。
先上代码
#include<iostream>
#include<cmath>
#include<cstring>
#include<cstdio>
#include<cstdlib>
using namespace std;
long long pow2(long long a,int b)//快速幂 位运算版
{
long long r=1,base=a;
while(b)
{
if(b&1) r=(r*base)%1000000007;
base=(base*base)%1000000007;
b>>=1;
}
return r;
}
int main()
{
int m;
cin>>m;
while(m--)
{
int n,k;
cin>>n>>k;
long long sum=0;
for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
sum+=pow2(i,k);
sum=sum%1000000007;//1000000007
}
cout<<sum<<endl;
}
return 0;
}
快速幂的思想:
首先,快速幂的目的就是做到快速求幂,假设我们要求a^b,按照朴素算法就是把a连乘b次,这样一来时间复杂度是O(b)也即是O(n)级别,快速幂能做到O(logn),快了好多好多。它的原理如下:
假设我们要求a^b,那么其实b是可以拆成二进制的,该二进制数第i位的权为2^(i-1),例如当b==11时
a^11=a^(2^0+2^1+2^3)
11的二进制是1011,11 = 2³×1 + 2²×0 + 2¹×1 + 2º×1,因此,我们将a¹¹转化为算 a^(2^0)*a^(2^1)*a^(2^3)
,看出来快的多了吧原来算11次,现在算三次,但是这三项貌似不好求的样子....不急,下面会有详细解释。
由于是二进制,很自然地想到用位运算这个强大的工具: & 和 >>
&运算通常用于二进制取位操作,例如一个数 & 1 的结果就是取二进制的最末位。还可以判断奇偶x&1==0为偶,x&1==1为奇。
>>运算比较单纯,二进制去掉最后一位,不多说了,先放代码再解释。
1 int poww(int a,int b){
2 int ans=1,base=a;
3 while(b!=0){
4 if(b&1!=0)
5 ans*=base;
6 base*=base;
7 b>>=1;
8 }
9 return ans;
10 }
代码很短,死记也可行,但最好还是理解一下吧,其实也很好理解,以b==11为例,b=>1011,二进制从右向左算,但乘出来的顺序是 a^(2^0)*a^(2^1)*a^(2^3),是从左向右的。我们不断的让base*=base目的即是累乘,以便随时对ans做出贡献。
其中要理解base*=base这一步,看:::base*base==base^2,下一步再乘,就是base^2*base^2==base^4,然后同理 base^4*base4=base^8,,,,,see?是不是做到了base-->base^2-->base^4-->base^8-->base^16-->base^32.......指数正是 2^i 啊,再看上 面的例子,a¹¹= a^(2^0)*a^(2^1)*a^(2^3),这三项是不是完美解决了,,嗯,快速幂就是这样。
顺便啰嗦一句,由于指数函数是爆炸增长的函数,所以很有可能会爆掉int的范围,根据题意决定是用 long long啊还是unsigned int啊还是mod某个数啊自己看着办。