char_dev.c 添加中文注释

/*
 *  linux/fs/char_dev.c
 *
 *  Copyright (C) 1991, 1992  Linus Torvalds
 */

#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/kdev_t.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/string.h>

#include <linux/major.h>
#include <linux/errno.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/smp_lock.h>
#include <linux/seq_file.h>

#include <linux/kobject.h>
#include <linux/kobj_map.h>
#include <linux/cdev.h>
#include <linux/mutex.h>
#include <linux/backing-dev.h>

#ifdef CONFIG_KMOD
#include <linux/kmod.h>
#endif
#include "internal.h"

/*
 * capabilities for /dev/mem, /dev/kmem and similar directly mappable character
 * devices
 * - permits shared-mmap for read, write and/or exec
 * - does not permit private mmap in NOMMU mode (can't do COW)
 * - no readahead or I/O queue unplugging required
 */

struct backing_dev_info directly_mappable_cdev_bdi = {
    .capabilities = (
#ifdef CONFIG_MMU
    /* permit private copies of the data to be taken */
    BDI_CAP_MAP_COPY |
    #endif
    /* permit direct mmap, for read, write or exec */
    BDI_CAP_MAP_DIRECT |
    BDI_CAP_READ_MAP | BDI_CAP_WRITE_MAP | BDI_CAP_EXEC_MAP),
};

static struct kobj_map *cdev_map;

static DEFINE_MUTEX(chrdevs_lock);

static struct char_device_struct {
    struct char_device_struct *next;
    unsigned int major;
    unsigned int baseminor;
    int minorct;
    char name[64];
    struct file_operations *fops;
    struct cdev *cdev;
    /* will die */
} *chrdevs[CHRDEV_MAJOR_HASH_SIZE];

/* index in the above */
static inline int major_to_index(int major)
{
    /* [CGW]: 根据主设备号，转换成对应的索引
     * 即主设备号就是索引号
     */
    return major % CHRDEV_MAJOR_HASH_SIZE;
}

#ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS

void chrdev_show(struct seq_file *f, off_t offset)
{
    struct char_device_struct *cd;
    /* [CGW]: 根据offset (相当于索引)，找到对应设备 */
    if (offset < CHRDEV_MAJOR_HASH_SIZE) {
        /* [CGW]: 上锁 */
        mutex_lock(&chrdevs_lock);
        /* [CGW]: 打印该设备项下链表中所有节点的主设备号，和设备名 */
        for (cd = chrdevs[offset]; cd; cd = cd->next)
            seq_printf(f, "%3d %s\n", cd->major, cd->name);
        /* [CGW]: 解锁 */
        mutex_unlock(&chrdevs_lock);
    }
}

#endif /* CONFIG_PROC_FS */

/*
 * Register a single major with a specified minor range.
 *
 * If major == 0 this functions will dynamically allocate a major and return
 * its number.
 *
 * If major > 0 this function will attempt to reserve the passed range of
 * minors and will return zero on success.
 *
 * Returns a -ve errno on failure.
 */

static struct char_device_struct *
__register_chrdev_region(unsigned int major, unsigned int baseminor,
                         int minorct, const char *name)

{
    struct char_device_struct *cd, **cp;
    int ret = 0;
    int i;

    /* [cgw]: 分配一块char_device_struct大小的内存块 */
    cd = kzalloc(sizeof(struct char_device_struct), GFP_KERNEL);
    /* [cgw]: 分配失败 */
    if (cd == NULL)
        return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
    /*[cgw]: 上锁，进入临界区*/
    mutex_lock(&chrdevs_lock);
    /* temporary */
    /*[cgw]: 如果主设备号为0，则从最大的设备号开始，往下查找第一个未被
     *注册的设备
     */
    if (major == 0) {
        /*[cgw]: 从大到小开始查找*/
        for (i = ARRAY_SIZE(chrdevs)-1; i > 0; i--) {
            /* [cgw]: 找到第一个未被注册的设备 */
            if (chrdevs[i] == NULL)
            break;
        }
        /* [cgw]:未找到空位 */
        if (i == 0) {
            ret = -EBUSY;
            goto out;
        }
        /* [cgw]: 以该空位的序号为主设备号 */
        major = i;
        ret = major;
    }

    /* [cgw]: 手工分配一个主设备号，和次设备号基址 */
    cd->major = major;
    /* [cgw]: 手工分配次设备号基址 */
    cd->baseminor = baseminor;
    /* [cgw]: 分配minorct个次设备号 */
    cd->minorct = minorct;
    /* [cgw]: 分配设备名 */
    strncpy(cd->name,name, 64);
    /* [cgw]: 找到主设备号在设备列表中的索引 */
    i = major_to_index(major);
    /* [cgw]:  当前分配的设备号比较设备列表，判断该设备号是否
     * 合法
     */
    for (cp = &chrdevs[i]; *cp; cp = &(*cp)->next)
        /* [cgw]: 当前分配的主设备号，小于该主设备号索引对应的，设备列表
         * 中的主设备号，合法
         * 这个里有点不解，从i = major_to_index(major);看出，主设备号和该主
         * 设备号对应的索引是相等的，为什么(*cp)->major > major是合法呢
         */
        if ((*cp)->major > major ||
            /* [cgw]: 当前分配的主设备号，等于该主设备号索引对应的，设备列表
             * 中的主设备号，并且符合以下条件之一，当前分配的次设备号，等于
             * 小于该主设备号索引对应的，设备列表中的次设备号。或者，当前分
             * 配的次设备号，小于该主设备号索引对应的，设备列表中的次设备基
             * 址以后minorct个次设备号
             */
           ((*cp)->major == major &&
           (((*cp)->baseminor >= baseminor) ||
           ((*cp)->baseminor + (*cp)->minorct > baseminor))))
            break;
    /* Check for overlapping minor ranges.  */
    /* [cgw]: 当前分配的主设备号，等于该主设备号索引对应的，设备列表
     * 中的主设备号，判断次设备号是否在范围内
     */
    if (*cp && (*cp)->major == major) {
        int old_min = (*cp)->baseminor;
        int old_max = (*cp)->baseminor + (*cp)->minorct - 1;
        int new_min = baseminor;
        int new_max = baseminor + minorct - 1;

        /* New driver overlaps from the left.  */
        if (new_max >= old_min && new_max <= old_max) {
            ret = -EBUSY;
            goto out;
        }

        /* New driver overlaps from the right.  */
        if (new_min <= old_max && new_min >= old_min) {
            ret = -EBUSY;
            goto out;
        }
    }

    /* [cgw]: 新加入的设备， 添加到该主设备号链表 */
    cd->next = *cp;
    /* [cgw]:  设备列表指针指向新加入设备*/
    *cp = cd;
    /* [cgw]:  解锁，退出临界区*/
    mutex_unlock(&chrdevs_lock);
    return cd;
out:

    /* [cgw]:  解锁，退出临界区*/
    mutex_unlock(&chrdevs_lock);
    /* [cgw]:  释放为新设备创建的内存*/
    kfree(cd);
    return ERR_PTR(ret);
}

static struct char_device_struct *
__unregister_chrdev_region(unsigned major, unsigned baseminor, int minorct)

{
    struct char_device_struct *cd = NULL, **cp;
    /* [CGW]: 根据主设备号，找出该主设备号所在列表中的索引*/
    int i = major_to_index(major);
    /* [CGW]: 上锁，进入临界区 */
    mutex_lock(&chrdevs_lock);
    /* [CGW]: 根据索引，找出该主设备号所在列表项 */
    for (cp = &chrdevs[i]; *cp; cp = &(*cp)->next)
        /* [CGW]:主设备号所在列表项中, 在主设备号对应的链表中，查找判断该主设备号，
         * 次设备号基址，次设备号个数是否已经被注册
         */
    if ((*cp)->major == major &&
       (*cp)->baseminor == baseminor &&
       (*cp)->minorct == minorct)
       /* [CGW]: 已经被注册，停止查找 */
       break;
    /* [CGW]: 主设备号所在链表中的节点
     * (注意: 设备列表中,每个设备号都对应一个链表,该链表用于存放此设备号) 
     */
    if (*cp) {
        /* [CGW]: 取出该节点 */
        cd = *cp;
        /* [CGW]: 更新cp，指向下一个节点*/
        *cp = cd->next;
    }

    /* [CGW]: 解锁，退出临界区 */
    mutex_unlock(&chrdevs_lock);
    /* [CGW]: 返回该设备(节点) */
    return cd;

}




/**
 * register_chrdev_region() - register a range of device numbers
 * @from: the first in the desired range of device numbers; must include
 *        the major number.
 * @count: the number of consecutive device numbers required
 * @name: the name of the device or driver.
 *
 * Return value is zero on success, a negative error code on failure.
 */

int register_chrdev_region(dev_t from, unsigned count, const char *name)

{
    struct char_device_struct *cd;
    dev_t to = from + count;
    dev_t n, next;
    /* [CGW]: 分配count个连续的设备 */
    for (n = from; n < to; n = next) {
        /* [CGW]: 主设备号+1递增 */
        next = MKDEV(MAJOR(n)+1, 0);
        if (next > to)
            next = to;

        /* [CGW]:  根据主、次设备号基址，分配next - n个连续次设备号的设备，
         * 并根据主设备号分配设备名
         * 如果MINOR(n)为0，next-n的值应恒为256，未验证!!!
         */
        cd = __register_chrdev_region(MAJOR(n), MINOR(n),
        next - n, name);
        /* [CGW]: 分配失败 */
        if (IS_ERR(cd))
            goto fail;
    }
    return 0;

fail:

    /* [CGW]: 当前分配到了第n个设备就失败了*/
    to = n;
    /* [CGW]: 注销刚刚分配的所有设备 */
    for (n = from; n < to; n = next) {
        next = MKDEV(MAJOR(n)+1, 0);
        /* [CGW]: 对应的内存空间 */
        kfree(__unregister_chrdev_region(MAJOR(n), MINOR(n), next - n));
    }
    
    /* [CGW]: 返回这个分配失败的设备指针 */
    return PTR_ERR(cd);
}

/**
 * alloc_chrdev_region() - register a range of char device numbers
 * @dev: output parameter for first assigned number
 * @baseminor: first of the requested range of minor numbers
 * @count: the number of minor numbers required
 * @name: the name of the associated device or driver
 *
 * Allocates a range of char device numbers.  The major number will be
 * chosen dynamically, and returned (along with the first minor number)
 * in @dev.  Returns zero or a negative error code.
 */
int alloc_chrdev_region(dev_t *dev, unsigned baseminor, unsigned count,
                        const char *name)

{
    struct char_device_struct *cd;
    /* [CGW]: 自动分配一个设备，因为主设备号为0 
     * 以baseminor为基址，分配count个次设备号
     */
    cd = __register_chrdev_region(0, baseminor, count, name);
    /* [CGW]: 分配失败 */
    if (IS_ERR(cd))
        return PTR_ERR(cd);
    /* [CGW]: 返回设备号 */
    *dev = MKDEV(cd->major, cd->baseminor);
    return 0;
}

/**
 * register_chrdev() - Register a major number for character devices.
 * @major: major device number or 0 for dynamic allocation
 * @name: name of this range of devices
 * @fops: file operations associated with this devices
 *
 * If @major == 0 this functions will dynamically allocate a major and return
 * its number.
 *
 * If @major > 0 this function will attempt to reserve a device with the given
 * major number and will return zero on success.
 *
 * Returns a -ve errno on failure.
 *
 * The name of this device has nothing to do with the name of the device in
 * /dev. It only helps to keep track of the different owners of devices. If
 * your module name has only one type of devices it's ok to use e.g. the name
 * of the module here.
 *
 * This function registers a range of 256 minor numbers. The first minor number
 * is 0.
 */

int register_chrdev(unsigned int major, const char *name,
                    const struct file_operations *fops)

{
    struct char_device_struct *cd;
    struct cdev *cdev;
    char *s;
    int err = -ENOMEM;

    /* [cgw]: 分配一个设备，次设备号为0~255 */
    cd = __register_chrdev_region(major, 0, 256, name);
    if (IS_ERR(cd))
        return PTR_ERR(cd);
    /* [cgw]:分配一个cdev结构体 */
    cdev = cdev_alloc();
    if (!cdev)
        goto out2;
    
    cdev->owner = fops->owner;
    cdev->ops = fops;

    /* [cgw]: 设置kobject的名字 */
    kobject_set_name(&cdev->kobj, "%s", name);
    /* [cgw]: 把kobject的名字kobj->name中的'/'替换成'!' */
    for (s = strchr(kobject_name(&cdev->kobj),'/'); s; s = strchr(s, '/'))
        *s = '!';

    /* [cgw]: 添加一个字符设备到系统*/
    err = cdev_add(cdev, MKDEV(cd->major, 0), 256);
    if (err)
        goto out;

    /* [cgw]: 设置char_device_struct中的cdev指针 */
    cd->cdev = cdev;
    
    return major ? 0 : cd->major;

out:
    /* [cgw]: kobect 引用计数-1 */
    kobject_put(&cdev->kobj);

out2:
    /* [cgw]: 释放刚注册的设备 */
    kfree(__unregister_chrdev_region(cd->major, 0, 256));
    return err;
}

/**
 * unregister_chrdev_region() - return a range of device numbers
 * @from: the first in the range of numbers to unregister
 * @count: the number of device numbers to unregister
 *
 * This function will unregister a range of @count device numbers,
 * starting with @from.  The caller should normally be the one who
 * allocated those numbers in the first place...
 */

void unregister_chrdev_region(dev_t from, unsigned count)
{
    dev_t to = from + count;
    dev_t n, next;

    /* [CGW]: 注销所有从from到to的count个设备 */
    for (n = from; n < to; n = next) {
        /* [CGW]:  查找下一设备号*/
        next = MKDEV(MAJOR(n)+1, 0);
        if (next > to)
            next = to;
        /* [CGW]: 注销所有刚才注册的设备 */
        kfree(__unregister_chrdev_region(MAJOR(n), MINOR(n), next - n));
    }
}


int unregister_chrdev(unsigned int major, const char *name)
{
    struct char_device_struct *cd;
    /* [CGW]: 根据主设备号，找到对应设备列表项 */
    cd = __unregister_chrdev_region(major, 0, 256);
    /* [CGW]: 该设备项有效，并且被注册 */
    if (cd && cd->cdev)
       /* [CGW]: 注销该设备 */
        cdev_del(cd->cdev);
        /* [CGW]: 释放该设备占用的内存空间 */
    kfree(cd);
    
    return 0;
}

static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(cdev_lock);

static struct kobject *cdev_get(struct cdev *p)
{
    struct module *owner = p->owner;
    struct kobject *kobj;
    /* [cgw]:cdev_get uses try_module_get to attempt to increment that module's
     * usage count. If that operation succeeds, kobject_get is used to increment the
     * kobject's reference count as well---<Linux Device Drivers>
     * try_module_get(owner)增加owner (THIS_MODULE)引用计数
     */
    /* [cgw]: module使用计数+1 */
    if (owner && !try_module_get(owner))
        return NULL;
    /* [cgw]: kobj引用计数+1 */
    kobj = kobject_get(&p->kobj);
    /* [cgw]: kobj指针返回失败 */
    if (!kobj)
       /* [cgw]: module使用计数-1 */
        module_put(owner);
        
    return kobj;
}

void cdev_put(struct cdev *p)
{
    /* [cgw]: cdev指针不为空 */
    if (p) {
        /* [cgw]: 获得模块指针 */
        struct module *owner = p->owner;
        /* [cgw]: kobj引用计数-1 */
        kobject_put(&p->kobj);
        /* [cgw]: module使用计数-1 */
        module_put(owner);
    }
}

/*
 * Called every time a character special file is opened
 */
int chrdev_open(struct inode * inode, struct file * filp)
{
    struct cdev *p;
    struct cdev *new = NULL;
    int ret = 0;

    /* [cgw]: 进入临界区 */
    spin_lock(&cdev_lock);
    /* [cgw]: 从inode中得到一个字符设备cdev指针 */
    p = inode->i_cdev;
    /* [cgw]: struct cdev指针为空 */
    if (!p) {
        struct kobject *kobj;
        int idx;
        /* [cgw]: 进入临界区 */
        spin_unlock(&cdev_lock);
        /* [cgw]: 看看cdev_map的probes[inode->i_rdev]链表是否有inode->i_rdev这个设备
         * 并返回这个设备的kobj
         */
        kobj = kobj_lookup(cdev_map, inode->i_rdev, &idx);
        /* [cgw]: kobj为空，错误 */
        if (!kobj)
            return -ENXIO;
        /* [cgw]: 根据返回的kobj，找出包含这个kobj的struct cdev指针 */
        new = container_of(kobj, struct cdev, kobj);
        /* [cgw]: 进入临界区 */
        spin_lock(&cdev_lock);
        /* [cgw]: 从inode中得到一个字符设备cdev指针 */
        p = inode->i_cdev;
        /* [cgw]: struct cdev指针为空 */
        if (!p) {
            /* [cgw]: 把这个struct cdev指针填装到inode->i_cdev */
            inode->i_cdev = p = new;
            /* [cgw]: 记录对应的索引 */
            inode->i_cindex = idx;
            /* [cgw]: 把inode->i_devices插入到p->list */
            list_add(&inode->i_devices, &p->list);
            /* [cgw]: 清除new指针 */
            new = NULL;
            /* [cgw]: 返回cdev中kobj指针为空，错误 */
        } else if (!cdev_get(p))
            ret = -ENXIO;
    /* [cgw]: 返回cdev中kobj指针为空，错误 */
    } else if (!cdev_get(p))
        ret = -ENXIO;
        /* [cgw]: 退出临界区 */
        spin_unlock(&cdev_lock);
        /* [cgw]: 实际上是cdev->kobj引用计数-1，module使用计数-1 */
        cdev_put(new);
        if (ret)
            return ret;
    /* [cgw]: module使用计数+1，并返回cdev->ops指针  */
    filp->f_op = fops_get(p->ops);
    /* [cgw]: filp->f_op指针为空，失败 */
    if (!filp->f_op) {
        /* [cgw]: 实际上是cdev->kobj引用计数-1，module使用计数-1 */
        cdev_put(p);
        return -ENXIO;
    }
    /* [cgw]: 调用filp->f_op->open，打开的是用户驱动程序中定义的
     * file_operations中的open函数
     */
    if (filp->f_op->open) {
        /* [cgw]: 上锁 */
        lock_kernel();
        /* [cgw]: 调用filp->f_op->open */
        ret = filp->f_op->open(inode,filp);
        /* [cgw]: 解锁 */
        unlock_kernel();
    }
    /* [cgw]: 调用filp->f_op->open失败 */
    if (ret)
        /* [cgw]: 实际上是cdev->kobj引用计数-1，module使用计数-1 */
        cdev_put(p);
        
    return ret;
}

void cd_forget(struct inode *inode)
{
    /* [cgw]: 进入临界区 */
    spin_lock(&cdev_lock);
    /* [cgw]: 从链表删除一个inode->i_devices节点，
     * 并重新初始化这个链表
     */
    list_del_init(&inode->i_devices);
    /* [cgw]: inode->i_cdev指针清0 */
    inode->i_cdev = NULL;
    /* [cgw]: 退出临界区 */
    spin_unlock(&cdev_lock);
}

static void cdev_purge(struct cdev *cdev)
{
    /* [cgw]: 进入临界区 */
    spin_lock(&cdev_lock);
    /* [cgw]: 测试cdev->list这个链表是否为空
     * 
     */
    while (!list_empty(&cdev->list)) {
        struct inode *inode;
        /* [cgw]: 找出包含cdev->list的struct inode结构体的指针 */
        inode = container_of(cdev->list.next, struct inode, i_devices);
        /* [cgw]: 从链表删除一个inode->i_devices节点，
         * 并重新初始化这个链表
         */
        list_del_init(&inode->i_devices);
        /* [cgw]: inode->i_cdev指针清0 */
        inode->i_cdev = NULL;
    }
    /* [cgw]: 退出临界区 */
    spin_unlock(&cdev_lock);
}

/*
 * Dummy default file-operations: the only thing this does
 * is contain the open that then fills in the correct operations
 * depending on the special file...
 */

const struct file_operations def_chr_fops = {
    .open = chrdev_open,
};
static struct kobject *exact_match(dev_t dev, int *part, void *data)
{
    struct cdev *p = data;
    /* [cgw]: 返回cdev中kobj成员指针 */
    return &p->kobj;
}

static int exact_lock(dev_t dev, void *data)
{
    struct cdev *p = data;
    /* [cgw]: data中kobj引用计数+1，并返回kobj指针 */
    return cdev_get(p) ? 0 : -1;
}

/**
 * cdev_add() - add a char device to the system
 * @p: the cdev structure for the device
 * @dev: the first device number for which this device is responsible
 * @count: the number of consecutive minor numbers corresponding to this
 *         device
 *
 * cdev_add() adds the device represented by @p to the system, making it
 * live immediately.  A negative error code is returned on failure.
 */

int cdev_add(struct cdev *p, dev_t dev, unsigned count)
{
    /* [cgw]: 分配一个dev设备号给p->dev */
    p->dev = dev;
    /* [cgw]: 分配count个连续的次设备号
     * 这里实际是分配count设备，只是次设备号不一样，主设备号都一样
     */
    p->count = count;
    /* [cgw]: 把新加入的设备填装到一个probe结构，并把这个probe插入到
     * 对应probes[MAJOR(dev)]链表，即probes[]中每一个元素都是一个链表
     */
    return kobj_map(cdev_map, dev, count, NULL, exact_match, exact_lock, p);
}

static void cdev_unmap(dev_t dev, unsigned count)
{
    /* [cgw]: 从probes[MAJOR(dev)]链表中删除一个节点(probe) */
    kobj_unmap(cdev_map, dev, count);
}

/**
 * cdev_del() - remove a cdev from the system
 * @p: the cdev structure to be removed
 *
 * cdev_del() removes @p from the system, possibly freeing the structure
 * itself.
 */

void cdev_del(struct cdev *p)
{
    /* [cgw]: 从probes[MAJOR(p->dev)]链表中删除一个节点(probe) 
     * 
     */
    cdev_unmap(p->dev, p->count);
    /* [cgw]: kobj引用计数-1 */
    kobject_put(&p->kobj);
}

static void cdev_default_release(struct kobject *kobj)
{
    /* [cgw]: 找到包含kobj的结构体struct cdev的指针 */
    struct cdev *p = container_of(kobj, struct cdev, kobj);
    /* [cgw]: 从cdev->list链表中删除cdev */
    cdev_purge(p);
}

static void cdev_dynamic_release(struct kobject *kobj)
{
    /* [cgw]: 找到包含kobj的结构体struct cdev的指针 */
    struct cdev *p = container_of(kobj, struct cdev, kobj);
    /* [cgw]: 从cdev->list链表中删除cdev */
    cdev_purge(p);
    /* [cgw]: 释放这个cdev的内存空间 */
    kfree(p);
}

static struct kobj_type ktype_cdev_default = {
    .release = cdev_default_release,
};

static struct kobj_type ktype_cdev_dynamic = {
    .release = cdev_dynamic_release,
};

/**
 * cdev_alloc() - allocate a cdev structure
 *
 * Allocates and returns a cdev structure, or NULL on failure.
 */
struct cdev *cdev_alloc(void)
{
    /* [cgw]: 分配一个cdev结构体 */
    struct cdev *p = kzalloc(sizeof(struct cdev), GFP_KERNEL);

    /* [cgw]: 分配cdev结构体成功 */
    if (p) {
       /* [cgw]: 分配一个kobj.ktype结构体，指向&ktype_cdev_dynamic
        * 为这个驱动制定一个统一的行为，提供释放kobj的方法
        */
        p->kobj.ktype = &ktype_cdev_dynamic;
        /* [cgw]: 初始化链表，把这个cdev插入链表头 */
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&p->list);
        /* [cgw]: 初始化kobject，每个对象都有一个kobject */
        kobject_init(&p->kobj);
    }
    return p;
}

/**
 * cdev_init() - initialize a cdev structure
 * @cdev: the structure to initialize
 * @fops: the file_operations for this device
 *
 * Initializes @cdev, remembering @fops, making it ready to add to the
 * system with cdev_add().
 */
void cdev_init(struct cdev *cdev, const struct file_operations *fops)
{
    /* [cgw]: cdev结构体清零 */
    memset(cdev, 0, sizeof *cdev);
    /* [cgw]: 初始化链表，把这个cdev插入链表头 */
    INIT_LIST_HEAD(&cdev->list);
    /* [cgw]: 分配一个kobj.ktype结构体，指向&ktype_cdev_default
     * 为这个驱动制定一个默认的统一的行为，提供恢复默认kobj的方法
     * 没有释放kobj内存空间
     */
    cdev->kobj.ktype = &ktype_cdev_default;
    /* [cgw]: 初始化kobject，每个对象都有一个kobject */
    kobject_init(&cdev->kobj);
    /* [cgw]: cdev->ops指向驱动程序中的file_operations结构体 */
    cdev->ops = fops;
}




static struct kobject *base_probe(dev_t dev, int *part, void *data)
{
    if (request_module("char-major-%d-%d", MAJOR(dev), MINOR(dev)) > 0)
        /* Make old-style 2.4 aliases work */
        request_module("char-major-%d", MAJOR(dev));
    return NULL;
}

void __init chrdev_init(void)
{
    /*[cgw]: 初始化cdev_map变量 */
    cdev_map = kobj_map_init(base_probe, &chrdevs_lock);
}

/* Let modules do char dev stuff */
EXPORT_SYMBOL(register_chrdev_region);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(unregister_chrdev_region);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(alloc_chrdev_region);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(cdev_init);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(cdev_alloc);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(cdev_del);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(cdev_add);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(register_chrdev);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(unregister_chrdev);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(directly_mappable_cdev_bdi);