Constructors

构造方法

Constructors

什么是

一个方法, 用于创建对象

创建对象时会被调用

new 类名();

格式

public class 类名 {
    public 类名() {
        ...
    }
}

方法名必须跟类名一样

没有返回值类型

作用

因为创建时会被调用, 所以可以在此机会做初始化的操作

使用前

Player.java

public class Player {
    private int atk;
    private int def;
    private int hp;
    
    public void trace(){
        System.out.println("atk:" + atk + ", def:" + def);
    }
    
    // Getters & Setters
    ...
    
}

Game.java

public class Game {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new Game().run();
    }
    
    public void run(){
        Player player1 = new Player();
        Player player2 = new Player();
        
        player1.setAtk(100);
        player1.setDef(100);
        player1.setHp(100);
        player2.setAtk(100);
        player2.setDef(100);
        player2.setHp(100);
        
        int damage = 200;
        player1.setHp(player1.getHp() - damage);
        player2.setHp(player2.getHp() - damage);
    }
}

使用后

Player.java

public class Player {
    private int atk;
    private int def;
    private int hp;
    
    public Player(){
        atk = 100;
        def = 100;
        hp = 100;
    }
    
    public void trace(){
        System.out.println("atk:" + atk + ", def:" + def);
    }
    
    // Getters & Setters
    ...
    
}

Game.java

public class Game {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new Game().run();
    }
    
    public void run(){
        Player player1 = new Player();
        Player player2 = new Player();
        
        int damage = 200;
        player1.setHp(player1.getHp() - damage);
        player2.setHp(player2.getHp() - damage);
    }
}

有参初始化

利用方法重载, 构造方法也可以方法重载

Player.java

public class Player {
    private int atk;
    private int def;
    private int hp;
    
    public Player(){
        atk = 100;
        def = 100;
        hp = 100;
    }
    
    public Player(int atk, int def, int hp) {
        this.atk = atk;
        this.def = def;
        this.hp = hp;
    }
    
    public void trace(){
        System.out.println("atk:" + atk + ", def:" + def);
    }
    
    // Getters & Setters
    ...
}

Game.java

public class Game {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new Game().run();
    }
    
    public void run(){
        Player player1 = new Player();
        Player player2 = new Player(200, 200, 200);
        
        int damage = 200;
        player1.setHp(player1.getHp() - damage);
        player2.setHp(player2.getHp() - damage);
    }
}

构造方法转接调用

使用前

Player.java

public class Player {
    private int atk;
    private int def;
    private int hp;
    
    public Player(){
        atk = 100;
        def = 100;
        hp = 100;
    }
    
    public Player(int atk, int def, int hp) {
        this.atk = atk;
        this.def = def;
        this.hp = hp;
    }
    
    public void trace(){
        System.out.println("atk:" + atk + ", def:" + def);
    }
    
    // Getters & Setters
    ...
}

转接调用构造方法

使用 this() 在构造方法内调用其它构造方法

Player.java

public class Player {
    private int atk;
    private int def;
    private int hp;
    
    public Player(){
        this(100, 100, 100);
    }
    
    public Player(int atk, int def, int hp) {
        this.atk = atk;
        this.def = def;
        this.hp = hp;
    }
    
    public void trace(){
        System.out.println("atk:" + atk + ", def:" + def);
    }
    
    // Getters & Setters
    ...
}

转接调用其它方法

调用其它方法协助初始化

Player.java

public class Player {
    private int atk;
    private int def;
    private int hp;
    
    public Player(){
        initialize(100, 100, 100);
    }
    
    public Player(int atk, int def, int hp) {
        initialize(atk, def, hp);
    }
    
    public void initialize(int atk, int def, int hp) {
        this.atk = atk;
        this.def = def;
        this.hp = hp;
    }
    
    public void trace(){
        System.out.println("atk:" + atk + ", def:" + def);
    }
    
    // Getters & Setters
    ...
}

规则

构造方法可以调用其它构造方法进行初始化

也可以调用其它方法协助进行初始化

但一般方法不能使用 this() 转接调用构造方法

自动生成

无参自动生成

如果不写任何构造方法

系统自动生成一个无参构造

写了就不生成

如果写了任何构造方法

系统就不自动生成无参构造

这时, 一般会手动补一个无参构造

谁该带入构造方法

出生时必须

出生时必须的需要带入构造方法

为省略后期对象构建的

如果对象创建后, 很多属性都要赋值, 可以考虑使用有参构造快速赋值

特殊情况

其它类型转型

拷贝构造