c语言双向循环链表实现-使用内核链表

一、前言

Linux内核链表作为内核最基础最常用的数据结构,那么在咱们用户态的编程下是否可以借鉴?


二、相关知识

1、双向循环链表

如图所示,每个节点分别有前驱(prev)、后继(next)两个指针域,双链表支持两个方向的遍历,循环则指尾节点又可以重新指向到头节点;

2、内核链表的实现(以3.10.25为例)

2.1 头节点定义(linux-3.10.25/include/linux/list.h)

struct list_head {
    struct list_head *next, *prev;
}

#define LIST_HEAD_INIT(name) { &(name), &(name) }

#define LIST_HEAD(name) \
    struct list_head name = LIST_HEAD_INIT(name)

static inline void INIT_LIST_HEAD(struct list_head *list)
{
    list->next = list;
    list->prev = list;
}


首先是链表节点的实现与初始化,即头节点为空节点,并把前驱后继指向了自己;

然后仔细看这个头结构,会发现里头并未包含数据域,这里考虑的是要抽象出来与数据类型无关的链表接口;

2.2 节点增加删除

/*
 * Insert a new entry between two known consecutive entries.
 *
 * This is only for internal list manipulation where we know
 * the prev/next entries already!
 */
static inline void __list_add(struct list_head *node,
                              struct list_head *prev,
                              struct list_head *next)
{
    next->prev = node;
    node->next = next;
    node->prev = prev;
    prev->next = node;
}

/**
 * list_add - add a new entry
 * @new: new entry to be added
 * @head: list head to add it after
 *
 * Insert a new entry after the specified head.
 * This is good for implementing stacks.
 */
static inline void list_add(struct list_head *node, struct list_head *head)
{
    __list_add(node, head, head->next);
}

/**
 * list_add_tail - add a new entry
 * @new: new entry to be added
 * @head: list head to add it before
 *
 * Insert a new entry before the specified head.
 * This is useful for implementing queues.
 */
static inline void list_add_tail(struct list_head *node, struct list_head *head)
{
    __list_add(node, head->prev, head);
}

#ifndef LIST_POISON1
#define LIST_POISON1  ((void *)0x00100100 + POISON_POINTER_DELTA)
#endif
#ifndef LIST_POISON2
#define LIST_POISON2  ((void *)0x00200200 + POISON_POINTER_DELTA)
#endif
/*
 * Delete a list entry by making the prev/next entries
 * point to each other.
 *
 * This is only for internal list manipulation where we know
 * the prev/next entries already!
 */
static inline void __list_del(struct list_head * prev, struct list_head * next)
{
    next->prev = prev;
    prev->next = next;
}

/**
 * list_del - deletes entry from list.
 * @entry: the element to delete from the list.
 * Note: list_empty() on entry does not return true after this, the entry is
 * in an undefined state.
 */
static inline void __list_del_entry(struct list_head *entry)
{
    __list_del(entry->prev, entry->next);
}

static inline void list_del(struct list_head *entry)
{
    __list_del(entry->prev, entry->next);

    entry->next = LIST_POISON1;
    entry->prev = LIST_POISON2;
}
删除节点之后,是将指针设置成了 LIST_POSTION1/2,这为内核类似设置NULL的做法,对LIST_POSITION1和LIST_POSITION2的访问都将引起页故障(page faults);


2.3 节点遍历

先看一个简单的版本
/**
 * list_for_each        -       iterate over a list
 * @pos:        the &struct list_head to use as a loop cursor.
 * @head:       the head for your list.
 */
#define list_for_each(pos, head) \
        for (pos = (head)->next; pos != (head); pos = pos->next)
然后看安全的版本,他们的区别就是在 _safe 接口的遍历中,对当前节点进行修改删除不会导致遍历异常;
/**
 * list_for_each_safe - iterate over a list safe against removal of list entry
 * @pos:        the &struct list_head to use as a loop cursor.
 * @n:          another &struct list_head to use as temporary storage
 * @head:       the head for your list.
 */
#define list_for_each_safe(pos, n, head) \
        for (pos = (head)->next, n = pos->next; pos != (head); \
                pos = n, n = pos->next)

三、使用内核链表

3.1 说明

上述小节简单介绍了内核链表的接口,还有一个问题没有提到:如何添加我们的数据域?

把 list.h 看做链表的模版的话,所以我们需要对 struct list_head 进行包装,并加入我们的数据域,最后效果如下图所示:


如我们定义一个结构 struct enode,把 struct list 包含进来,那么可以使用 list 成员进行下一个、上一个节点的查找;

struct enode {
    int wd; 
    struct list_head list;
};


但也有一个问题,就是如第二节所示,list接口这块针对的是 struct list 结构的查找,即我们找到了 后继的 list位置,如何找到 enode的位置?

在Linux编译器中,提供了一个方法 container_of,可以通过结构体成员的地址 找到 结构体起始位置,实现如下:

    #ifndef offsetof
        #define offsetof(TYPE, MEMBER) ((size_t) &((TYPE *)0)->MEMBER)  
    #endif
    #ifndef container_of  
        #define container_of(ptr, type, member)     \
            ( {                                   \
                    const typeof( ((type *)0)->member ) *__mptr = (ptr);    \
                    (type *)( (char *)__mptr - offsetof(type,member) );     \
              }   \
            )  

    #endif
这个宏里面的意思是,给出结构体类型,成员名称,通过 offset 计算出结构体成员相对结构体起始地址的偏移量,

再通过与结构体成员的地址相减,最终得出结构体的起始地址;



3.2 试验测试

说了这么多,把关键点给扫清楚了,下面可以给出使用方法了;

static int __elist_create(struct enode *phead)
{
    if ( !phead ) {
        return FAILURE;
    }

    INIT_LIST_HEAD(&phead->list);
    return SUCCESS;
}

static int __elist_push(struct enode *phead, int wd)
{
    struct enode *pnode = calloc(1, sizeof(struct enode));
    if ( !pnode ) {
        return FAILURE;
    }
    pnode->wd = wd;

    list_add_tail(&pnode->list, &phead->list);
    return SUCCESS;
}

static int __elist_traverse(struct enode *phead)
{
    struct enode *pcurr = NULL;

    if ( !phead ) {
        return FAILURE;
    }

    list_for_each_entry(pcurr, &phead->list, list) {
        printf("%d\n", pcurr->wd);
    }
    printf("-----------------------------\n");
    return SUCCESS;
}

static int __elist_destroy(struct enode *phead)
{
    struct enode *pcurr = NULL;
    struct enode *pnext = NULL;
}
static int __test_elist()
{
    int ret = FAILURE;
    struct enode head = {0};

    ASSERT(SUCCESS, ret = __elist_create(&head));
    ASSERT(SUCCESS, ret = __elist_push(&head, 1));
    ASSERT(SUCCESS, ret = __elist_push(&head, 2));
    ASSERT(SUCCESS, ret = __elist_push(&head, 3));
    ASSERT(SUCCESS, ret = __elist_push(&head, 4));
    ASSERT(SUCCESS, ret = __elist_traverse(&head));
    ASSERT(SUCCESS, ret = __elist_destroy(&head));
    
_E1:
    return ret;
}   

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    int ret = FAILURE;
    ASSERT(SUCCESS, ret = __test_elist());
_E1:
    printf("Result:\t\t\t\t[%s]\n", ret ? "Failure" : "Success");
    exit(ret ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

四、总结

本文介绍了如何使用内核的双向链表,为用户态编程提供了方便;
同时 container_of 方法可以把自己定义的接口抽象成与数据类型无关的,接口内部可以专注实现数据结构;
需要注意的是在编译过程中,加入-O1选项才能把 container_of 、inline 这些处理进行优化;



参考文章:

[1] https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/kernel/l-chain

[2] http://www.cnblogs.com/Anker/archive/2013/12/15/3475643.html


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