Django Tutorial Part4

1)投票form
A.polls/templates/polls/detail.html：

<h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1>

{% if error_message %}<p><strong>{{ error_message }}</strong></p>{% endif %}

<form action="{% url 'polls:vote' question.id %}" method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
{% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
    <input type="radio" name="choice" id="choice{{ forloop.counter }}" value="{{ choice.id }}" />
    <label for="choice{{ forloop.counter }}">{{ choice.choice_text }}</label><br />
{% endfor %}
<input type="submit" value="Vote" />
</form>

①<form action="表单提交的地址" method="表单提交的方法" >
②input标签：输入框，其中可以根据type的属性值改变输入框的作用。

<input  type=“submit”/>  用户点击之后会自动提交 form
<input  type=“radio”/>  单选框

③当需要创建一个改变服务器端数据的form时，用 method=”post”
④针对内部网址的所有POST表单都要用{% csrf_token %}
⑤forloop.counter：for循环循环次数

2)vote()函数实现
在polls/views.py加：

from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404, render
from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect, HttpResponse
from django.core.urlresolvers import reverse

from .models import Choice, Question
# ...
def vote(request, question_id):
    p = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
    try:
        selected_choice = p.choice_set.get(pk=request.POST['choice'])
    except (KeyError, Choice.DoesNotExist):
        # Redisplay the question voting form.
        return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {
            'question': p,
            'error_message': "You didn't select a choice.",
        })
    else:
        selected_choice.votes += 1
        selected_choice.save()
        # Always return an HttpResponseRedirect after successfully dealing
        # with POST data. This prevents data from being posted twice if a
        # user hits the Back button.
        return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('polls:results', args=(p.id,)))

①request.POST[‘choice’] 以字符串形式返回选择的Choice的ID
②增加Choice票数之后，代码返回HttpResponseRedirect，③HttpResponseRedirect只接收一个参数：用户要被重定向的URL
HttpResponseRedirect的构造函数中使用reverse()函数,reverse()需要给出要跳转的视图的名称和该视图所对应的URL模式中需要给该视图提供的参数。
如：url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/results/$', views.results, name='results'),
上面url中需要的参数是question_id
在reverse中给出(reverse(‘polls:results’, args=(p.id,)))
④’/polls/3/results/’通过results函数将视图渲染为投票结果页面
poll/views:

from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404, render

def results(request, question_id):
    question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
    return render(request, 'polls/results.html', {'question': question})

⑤polls/templates/polls/results.html:

<h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1>

<ul>
{% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
    <li>{{ choice.choice_text }} -- {{ choice.votes }} vote{{ choice.votes|pluralize }}</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>

<a href="{% url 'polls:detail' question.id %}">Vote again?</a>

投票结果入下图所示:

3)使用generic views
转换为通过视图,要完成以下三步:
A.转换URLconf
B.删除不再需要的代码
C.引进基于Django通用视图的新视图
①polls/urls.py:

from django.conf.urls import url
from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^$', views.IndexView.as_view(), name='index'),
    url(r'^(?P<pk>[0-9]+)/$', views.DetailView.as_view(), name='detail'),
    url(r'^(?P<pk>[0-9]+)/results/$', views.ResultsView.as_view(), name='results'),
    url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/vote/$', views.vote, name='vote'),
]

在第二个和第三个正则表达式,模式匹配由 变成 主键
②修改polls/views.py为:

from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404, render
from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect
from django.core.urlresolvers import reverse
from django.views import generic

from .models import Choice, Question


class IndexView(generic.ListView):
    template_name = 'polls/index.html'
    context_object_name = 'latest_question_list'

    def get_queryset(self):
        """Return the last five published questions."""
        return Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]


class DetailView(generic.DetailView):
    model = Question
    template_name = 'polls/detail.html'


class ResultsView(generic.DetailView):
    model = Question
    template_name = 'polls/results.html'


def vote(request, question_id):
    ... # same as above

③上面3个class继承于2个generic view：ListView 和 DetailView
④
⑤