Linux:多线程不同步导致错误示例
多个线程都可以看到同一个对象并有对其操作时涉及到同步问题。
不同步现象:
Counter.h
#ifndef _COUNTER_H
#define _COUNTER_H
class Counter {
public:
Counter();
Counter(int);
virtual ~Counter();
int getCnt();
void setCnt(int);
void incCnt();
private:
int mCnt;
};
#endif
Counter.C
#include "Counter.h"
Counter::Counter()
{ mCnt = 0; }
Counter::~Counter()
{}
int Counter::getCnt()
{ return mCnt; }
void Counter::setCnt(int cnt)
{ mCnt = cnt; }
void Counter::incCnt()
{
mCnt = mCnt + 1;
}
main.C
#include <iostream>
#include <pthread.h>
#include "Counter.h"
using namespace std;
static Counter *pCnt = NULL;
void *threadRunA(void *)
{
cout<<"start threadRunA==>"<<endl;
usleep(200000);
int cnts = 10000000;
while (cnts--) {
pCnt->incCnt();
}
cout<<"A:"<<pCnt->getCnt()<<endl;
}
void *threadRunB(void *)
{
cout<<"start threadRunB==>"<<endl;
usleep(200000);
int cnts = 10000000;
while (cnts--) {
pCnt->incCnt();
}
cout<<"B:"<<pCnt->getCnt()<<endl;
}
int main()
{
pCnt = new Counter();
pthread_t tidA;
pthread_t tidB;
pthread_create(&tidA, NULL, threadRunA, NULL);
cout<<"create thread-A OK!!!"<<endl;
pthread_create(&tidB, NULL, threadRunB, NULL);
cout<<"create thread-B OK!!!"<<endl;
while (1) {
// do nothing
};
return 0;
}
编译链接:
[jiang@eb50 44]$ g++ -o main main.C Counter.C -lpthread
[jiang@eb50 44]$ ./main
create thread-A OK!!!
create thread-B OK!!!
start threadRunB==>
start threadRunA==>
A:10830472
B:11699219
(CTRL+C)
[jiang@eb50 44]$
看到了吧?结果并不是20000000.
多次运行看看:
[jiang@eb50 44]$ ./main
create thread-A OK!!!
create thread-B OK!!!
start threadRunB==>
start threadRunA==>
A:11059743
B:12086821
[jiang@eb50 44]$ ./main
create thread-A OK!!!
create thread-B OK!!!
start threadRunA==>
start threadRunB==>
A:10721130
B:12083639
可见由于没有对Counter pCnt指向的对象进行同步,导致结果错误.
本例主要用于示范错误,关于为什么错误(时序、操作系统调度切换时间片等造成)请参阅其他资料.
如何解决?加锁.
Counter.h
#ifndef _COUNTER_H
#define _COUNTER_H
#include <pthread.h>
class Counter {
public:
Counter();
Counter(int);
virtual ~Counter();
int getCnt();
void setCnt(int);
void incCnt();
private:
int mCnt;
pthread_mutex_t mutex;
};
#endif
Counter.C
#include "Counter.h"
Counter::Counter()
{
mCnt = 0;
pthread_mutex_init(&mutex, NULL);
}
Counter::~Counter()
{
pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex);
}
int Counter::getCnt()
{ return mCnt; }
void Counter::setCnt(int cnt)
{ mCnt = cnt; }
void Counter::incCnt()
{
pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
mCnt = mCnt + 1;
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
}
#include <iostream>
#include <pthread.h>
#include "Counter.h"
using namespace std;
static Counter *pCnt = NULL;
void *threadRunA(void *)
{
cout<<"start threadRunA==>"<<endl;
usleep(200000);
int cnts = 10000000;
while (cnts--) {
pCnt->incCnt();
}
cout<<"A:"<<pCnt->getCnt()<<endl;
}
void *threadRunB(void *)
{
cout<<"start threadRunB==>"<<endl;
usleep(200000);
int cnts = 10000000;
while (cnts--) {
pCnt->incCnt();
}
cout<<"B:"<<pCnt->getCnt()<<endl;
}
int main()
{
pCnt = new Counter();
pthread_t tidA;
pthread_t tidB;
pthread_create(&tidA, NULL, threadRunA, NULL);
cout<<"create thread-A OK!!!"<<endl;
pthread_create(&tidB, NULL, threadRunB, NULL);
cout<<"create thread-B OK!!!"<<endl;
while (1) {
// do nothing
};
return 0;
}
编译链接:
g++ -o main main.C Counter.C -lpthread
运行:
[jiang@eb50 44]$ ./main
create thread-A OK!!!
create thread-B OK!!!
start threadRunA==>
start threadRunB==>
A:18687418
B:20000000
[jiang@eb50 44]$ vi main.C
[jiang@eb50 44]$ ./main
create thread-A OK!!!
create thread-B OK!!!
start threadRunB==>
start threadRunA==>
B:17590204
A:20000000
咦,看起来还是不对呀?并不是,这里是正确的。
有可能存在A或者B先做完inc运算,然后就回先输出那个时刻的值,然后剩余的那个把剩下的做完,刚好是20000000.
一定要注意一点,是在inc的时候出现的错误,对i加一不是一个原子操作,可能在i=i+1时进行了多次的时间片切换,导致错误.
只需要在i++的时候注意加锁即可.保证i++是在critical section中,不会存在race condition.
噢,说个题外话:
一条c/c++语句不是原子的,那么一条汇编语句是原子的吗?
答案应该是“不是”.
汇编指令也也只是在描述CPU的行为,而没有具体到每一个细节步骤。
操作是否是原子的,不是由汇编指令决定的,而是由CPU如何处理这些指令决定的。
(资料来源:知乎某答主)