[leetcode] 380. Insert Delete GetRandom O(1)

Design a data structure that supports all following operations in average O(1) time.

1. insert(val): Inserts an item val to the set if not already present.
2. remove(val): Removes an item val from the set if present.
3. getRandom: Returns a random element from current set of elements. Each element must have the same probability of being returned.

Example:

// Init an empty set.
RandomizedSet randomSet = new RandomizedSet();

// Inserts 1 to the set. Returns true as 1 was inserted successfully.
randomSet.insert(1);

// Returns false as 2 does not exist in the set.
randomSet.remove(2);

// Inserts 2 to the set, returns true. Set now contains [1,2].
randomSet.insert(2);

// getRandom should return either 1 or 2 randomly.
randomSet.getRandom();

// Removes 1 from the set, returns true. Set now contains [2].
randomSet.remove(1);

// 2 was already in the set, so return false.
randomSet.insert(2);

// Since 1 is the only number in the set, getRandom always return 1.
randomSet.getRandom();

这道题是设计实现一个<插入、删除、随机取>三种操作平均时间复杂度均为O(1)的数据结构，题目难度为Hard。

用Hash Table能够满足插入和删除的平均时间复杂度要求，但是随机取不能满足。如果用vector存储数据，能够满足随机取的时间复杂度要求，但是插入和删除需要查找，不满足时间复杂度要求。单一的数据存储形式不能满足条件，可以将两者结合，用vector来满足随机取的时间复杂度，用Hash Table来满足插入和删除时查找的时间复杂度。将数据存储在vector中，在Hash Table中存储<value, index>对，其中index为value在vector中的下标，这样插入操作就非常简单了，不再详述；删除操作先在Hash Table中查找删除数据在vector中下标，然后将vector尾部数据存入该下标位置，同时更新Hash Table中vector尾部数据的对应下标，最后删除vector尾部数据和Hash Table中对应数据即可；随机取vector中数据能够在O(1)时间复杂度完成，不再详述。具体代码：

class RandomizedSet {
    vector<int> data;
    unordered_map<int, int> hash;
public:
    /** Initialize your data structure here. */
    RandomizedSet() {}
    
    /** Inserts a value to the set. Returns true if the set did not already contain the specified element. */
    bool insert(int val) {
        if(hash.find(val) != hash.end()) return false;
        data.push_back(val);
        hash[val] = data.size() - 1;
        return true;
    }
    
    /** Removes a value from the set. Returns true if the set contained the specified element. */
    bool remove(int val) {
        if(hash.find(val) == hash.end()) return false;
        data[hash[val]] = data.back();
        hash[data.back()] = hash[val];
        data.pop_back();
        hash.erase(val);
        return true;
    }
    
    /** Get a random element from the set. */
    int getRandom() {
        return data[rand()%data.size()];
    }
};

/**
 * Your RandomizedSet object will be instantiated and called as such:
 * RandomizedSet obj = new RandomizedSet();
 * bool param_1 = obj.insert(val);
 * bool param_2 = obj.remove(val);
 * int param_3 = obj.getRandom();
 */