TOEFL 学习笔记(writing)

introduction =>main body =>conclusion

论点=>论据=>例子=>细节

External appearances always lead to mistakes about a person's true character or abilities. A plain-looking person can make great achievements. Take Napoleon Bonaparte, one of the greatest military leaders and statesmen in France, for example. It is well known that Napoleon was very short. He was often laughed at by people around him for his 

small stature. However, after many years' struggle, he finally became the Emperor of the French Empire and conquered larger parts of the Europe. Napoleon is not a rare case. Actually innumerable famous historical figures were not good looking. Therefore we surely should not judge them by external appearance.

（论点） External appearances always lead to mistakes about a person's true character or abilities.

（论据）A plain-looking person can make great achievement.

（例子）Take Napoleon Bonaparte, one of the greatest military leaders and statesmen in France, for example.

（细节）It is well know that Napoleon was very short. Because of his small stature, he was often laughed at by people around him. However, after many years' struggle, he finally became the Emperor of the French Empire and conquered larger parts of the Europe.

（总结）Napoleon is not a rare case. Actually innumerable famous historical figures were not good looking. Therefore we surely should not judge them by external appearance.

段落间的衔接=>

首先: first and foremost, to begin/start with, in the first place, for one thing

其次: furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more

最后: ultimately, in the end, at last

big = mighty = enormous = tremendous = massive

for example => Health services in Italy are facing enormous challenge after earthquake.

China's opening to the world has facilitated massive economic transformations.

Important = vital = essential = critical = significant      play a (an) vital (critical, essential) role in ...

for example => Devotion of common people plays a (an) vital (critical, essential) role in the development of society.

but, however = though, although, despite, whereas, conversely, nevertheless = in spite of  = in contrast = on the contrary = regardless of 

for example => Alcohol is good for our economy, but drinking heavily is bad for our health. =>

Although alcohol benefits our economy greatly, drinking heavily does tremendous harm to our health.

Despite the great economic benefits of alcohol, drinking heavily does tremendous harm to our health.

In spite of the great economic benefits of alcohol, drinking heavily does tremendous harm to our health.

and = as well as = together with = along with

A country operates by making use of power and money.

A country operates by making use of power as well as money.

Obama and Michelle achieved the ultimate victory. 

Obama, together with Michelle achieved the ultimate victory.

Obama, along with Michelle achieved the ultimate victory.

think  = as i see it  = from my point of view = when it comes to me = as far as I am concerned

As I see it, exploring the outer space is a waste of human resources.

Internet not only complicate our life but also quicken life pace.

Many Chinese think that the number "8" will make them have a lot of money.

Many Chinese believe that the number "8" will bring them great fortune.

综合写作 200-250 words 独立写作 350-450 words 

All reliable information points to the fact that the hole in the Ozone Layer is expanding at an alarming rate.

information, evidence 不可数 

A large number of white-collar workers go downtown to work.

downtown, home, here, there 之前不加介词

Arrive here, go there, go downtown

语言学术化  advertisement, policeman, brother