Win32 Desktop Apps (Visual C++)

Win32 Desktop Apps (Visual C++)

Visual Studio 2013
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[This documentation is for preview only, and is subject to change in later releases. Blank topics are included as placeholders.]

You can create a Win32 app when you want to make a native desktop app that has a window-based user interface and can run on Windows 

versions from Windows 95 to Windows 8. You can use Visual Studio Express 2012 for Windows Desktop or any of the Visual Studio editions 

except Visual Studio Express 2012 for Windows 8.

Win32 app is the conventional term for an app that uses message loops to handle Windows messages directly instead of using a framework

 such as the Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC), the Active Template Library (ATL), or the .NET Framework. Although the term is "Win32", it 

can refer to either a 32-bit or a 64-bit app. A Win32 app in C++ can use C Runtime (CRT) and Standard Template Library (STL) classes and 

functions, COM objects, and any of the public Windows functions, which collectively are known as the Windows API. For an introduction to 

Win32 apps in C++, see Learn to Program for Windows in C++.

A Win32 app is one way to create a native desktop app for Windows; the other way is an MFC app. MFC is the default choice for apps—

especially enterprise-type apps—that have lots of user interface controls or custom user controls. MFC provides convenient helper classes 

for serialization, text manipulation, printing, and modern user interface elements such as the ribbon. These classes are not available to a 

Win32 app. To create MFC or ATL programs you need Microsoft Visual Studio Professional 2012 or higher. Visual Studio Express 2012 for

 Windows Desktop does not include MFC or ATL support.

Title

Description

Windows Development

Contains information about the Windows API and COM. (Some Windows APIs

 and third-party DLLs areimplemented as COM objects.)

Hilo: Developing C++ Applications for Windows 7

Describes how to create a rich-client Win32 desktop app that uses Windows 

Animation and Direct2D tocreate a carousel-based user interface.

Win32 Console Applications in Visual C++

Contains information about console apps. A Win32 (or Win64) console app has

 no window of its own and no message loop. It runs in the console window, and input

 and output are handled through the command line.

Visual C++

Describes key features of Visual C++ in Visual Studio and links to the rest of the 

Visual C++ documentation.

Visual C++ Developer Centeron the MSDN website

Contains tutorials, blog posts and articles that are relevant for Win32 desktop

 applications.

深度学习是机器学习的一个子领域,它基于人工神经网络的研究,特别是利用多层次的神经网络来进行学习和模式识别。深度学习模型能够学习数据的高层次特征,这些特征对于图像和语音识别、自然语言处理、医学图像分析等应用至关重要。以下是深度学习的一些关键概念和组成部分: 1. **神经网络(Neural Networks)**:深度学习的基础是人工神经网络,它是由多个层组成的网络结构,包括输入层、隐藏层和输出层。每个层由多个神经元组成,神经元之间通过权重连接。 2. **前馈神经网络(Feedforward Neural Networks)**:这是最常见的神经网络类型,信息从输入层流向隐藏层,最终到达输出层。 3. **卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Networks, CNNs)**:这种网络特别适合处理具有网格结构的数据,如图像。它们使用卷积层来提取图像的特征。 4. **循环神经网络(Recurrent Neural Networks, RNNs)**:这种网络能够处理序列数据,如时间序列或自然语言,因为它们具有记忆功能,能够捕捉数据中的时间依赖性。 5. **长短期记忆网络(Long Short-Term Memory, LSTM)**:LSTM 是一种特殊的 RNN,它能够学习长期依赖关系,非常适合复杂的序列预测任务。 6. **生成对抗网络(Generative Adversarial Networks, GANs)**:由两个网络组成,一个生成器和一个判别器,它们相互竞争,生成器生成数据,判别器评估数据的真实性。 7. **深度学习框架**:如 TensorFlow、Keras、PyTorch 等,这些框架提供了构建、训练和部署深度学习模型的工具和库。 8. **激活函数(Activation Functions)**:如 ReLU、Sigmoid、Tanh 等,它们在神经网络中用于添加非线性,使得网络能够学习复杂的函数。 9. **损失函数(Loss Functions)**:用于评估模型的预测与真实值之间的差异,常见的损失函数包括均方误差(MSE)、交叉熵(Cross-Entropy)等。 10. **优化算法(Optimization Algorithms)**:如梯度下降(Gradient Descent)、随机梯度下降(SGD)、Adam 等,用于更新网络权重,以最小化损失函数。 11. **正则化(Regularization)**:技术如 Dropout、L1/L2 正则化等,用于防止模型过拟合。 12. **迁移学习(Transfer Learning)**:利用在一个任务上训练好的模型来提高另一个相关任务的性能。 深度学习在许多领域都取得了显著的成就,但它也面临着一些挑战,如对大量数据的依赖、模型的解释性差、计算资源消耗大等。研究人员正在不断探索新的方法来解决这些问题。
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