Linux错误代码及其含义

最新推荐文章于 2024-02-29 08:53:53 发布
最新推荐文章于 2024-02-29 08:53:53 发布
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分类专栏： 操作系统进阶 文章标签： Linux错误 错误代码 errno
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最近在做工程的时候，程序在崩溃时候弹出了错误号，然后根据错误号搜索错误信息，很快解决之，特此记录。

在程序出错时，我们通过全局变量错误号errno和perror函数能够很快的定位到错误原因。
Linux错误代码及其含义

C NameValueDescription含义
Success0Success成功
EPERM1Operation not permitted操作不允许
ENOENT2No such file or directory没有这样的文件或目录
ESRCH3No such process没有这样的过程
EINTR4Interrupted system call系统调用被中断
EIO5I/O errorI/O错误
ENXIO6No such device or address没有这样的设备或地址
E2BIG7Arg list too long参数列表太长
ENOEXEC8Exec format error执行格式错误
EBADF9Bad file number坏的文件描述符
ECHILD10No child processes没有子进程
EAGAIN11Try again资源暂时不可用
ENOMEM12Out of memory内存溢出
EACCES13Permission denied拒绝许可
EFAULT14Bad address错误的地址
ENOTBLK15Block device required块设备请求
EBUSY16Device or resource busy设备或资源忙
EEXIST17File exists文件存在
EXDEV18Cross-device link无效的交叉链接
ENODEV19No such device设备不存在
ENOTDIR20Not a directory不是一个目录
EISDIR21Is a directory是一个目录
EINVAL22Invalid argument无效的参数
ENFILE*23File table overflow打开太多的文件系统
EMFILE24Too many open files打开的文件过多
ENOTTY25Not a tty device不是tty设备
ETXTBSY26Text file busy文本文件忙
EFBIG27File too large文件太大
ENOSPC28No space left on device设备上没有空间
ESPIPE29Illegal seek非法移位
EROFS30Read-only file system只读文件系统
EMLINK31Too many links太多的链接
EPIPE32Broken pipe管道破裂
EDOM33Math argument out of domain数值结果超出范围
ERANGE34Math result not representable数值结果不具代表性
EDEADLK35Resource deadlock would occur资源死锁错误
ENAMETOOLONG36Filename too long文件名太长
ENOLCK37No record locks available没有可用锁
ENOSYS38Function not implemented功能没有实现
ENOTEMPTY39Directory not empty目录不空
ELOOP40Too many symbolic links encountered符号链接层次太多
EWOULDBLOCK41Same as EAGAIN和EAGAIN一样
ENOMSG42No message of desired type没有期望类型的消息
EIDRM43Identifier removed标识符删除
ECHRNG44Channel number out of range频道数目超出范围
EL2NSYNC45Level 2 not synchronized2级不同步
EL3HLT46Level 3 halted3级中断
EL3RST47Level 3 reset3级复位
ELNRNG48Link number out of range链接数超出范围
EUNATCH49Protocol driver not attached协议驱动程序没有连接
ENOCSI50No CSI structure available没有可用CSI结构
EL2HLT51Level 2 halted2级中断
EBADE52Invalid exchange无效的交换
EBADR53Invalid request descriptor请求描述符无效
EXFULL54Exchange full交换全
ENOANO55No anode没有阳极
EBADRQC56Invalid request code无效的请求代码
EBADSLT57Invalid slot无效的槽
EDEADLOCK58Same as EDEADLK和EDEADLK一样
EBFONT59Bad font file format错误的字体文件格式
ENOSTR60Device not a stream设备不是字符流
ENODATA61No data available无可用数据
ETIME62Timer expired计时器过期
ENOSR63Out of streams resources流资源溢出
ENONET64Machine is not on the network机器不上网
ENOPKG65Package not installed没有安装软件包
EREMOTE66Object is remote对象是远程的
ENOLINK67Link has been severed联系被切断
EADV68Advertise error广告的错误
ESRMNT69Srmount errorsrmount错误
ECOMM70Communication error on send发送时的通讯错误
EPROTO71Protocol error协议错误
EMULTIHOP72Multihop attempted多跳尝试
EDOTDOT73RFS specific errorRFS特定的错误
EBADMSG74Not a data message非数据消息
EOVERFLOW75Value too large for defined data type值太大,对于定义数据类型
ENOTUNIQ76Name not unique on network名不是唯一的网络
EBADFD77File descriptor in bad state文件描述符在坏状态
EREMCHG78Remote address changed远程地址改变了
ELIBACC79Cannot access a needed shared library无法访问必要的共享库
ELIBBAD80Accessing a corrupted shared library访问损坏的共享库
ELIBSCN81A .lib section in an .out is corrupted库段. out损坏
ELIBMAX82Linking in too many shared libraries试图链接太多的共享库
ELIBEXEC83Cannot exec a shared library directly不能直接执行一个共享库
EILSEQ84Illegal byte sequence无效的或不完整的多字节或宽字符
ERESTART85Interrupted system call should be restarted应该重新启动中断的系统调用
ESTRPIPE86Streams pipe error流管错误
EUSERS87Too many users用户太多
ENOTSOCK88Socket operation on non-socket套接字操作在非套接字上
EDESTADDRREQ89Destination address required需要目标地址
EMSGSIZE90Message too long消息太长
EPROTOTYPE91Protocol wrong type for socketsocket协议类型错误
ENOPROTOOPT92Protocol not available协议不可用
EPROTONOSUPPORT93Protocol not supported不支持的协议
ESOCKTNOSUPPORT94Socket type not supported套接字类型不受支持
EOPNOTSUPP95Operation not supported on transport不支持的操作
EPFNOSUPPORT96Protocol family not supported不支持的协议族
EAFNOSUPPORT97Address family not supported by protocol协议不支持的地址
EADDRINUSE98Address already in use地址已在使用
EADDRNOTAVAIL99Cannot assign requested address无法分配请求的地址
ENETDOWN100Network is down网络瘫痪
ENETUNREACH101Network is unreachable网络不可达
ENETRESET102Network dropped网络连接丢失
ECONNABORTED103Software caused connection软件导致连接中断
ECONNRESET104Connection reset by连接被重置
ENOBUFS105No buffer space available没有可用的缓冲空间
EISCONN106Transport endpoint传输端点已经连接
ENOTCONN107Transport endpoint传输终点没有连接
ESHUTDOWN108Cannot send after transport传输后无法发送
ETOOMANYREFS109Too many references太多的参考
ETIMEDOUT110Connection timed连接超时
ECONNREFUSED111Connection refused拒绝连接
EHOSTDOWN112Host is down主机已关闭
EHOSTUNREACH113No route to host没有主机的路由
EALREADY114Operation already已运行
EINPROGRESS115Operation now in正在运行
ESTALE116Stale NFS file handle陈旧的NFS文件句柄
EUCLEAN117Structure needs cleaning结构需要清洗
ENOTNAM118Not a XENIX-named不是XENIX命名的
ENAVAIL119No XENIX semaphores没有XENIX信号量
EISNAM120Is a named type file是一个命名的文件类型
EREMOTEIO121Remote I/O error远程输入/输出错误
EDQUOT122Quota exceeded超出磁盘配额
ENOMEDIUM123No medium found没有磁盘被发现
EMEDIUMTYPE124Wrong medium type错误的媒体类型
ECANCELED125Operation Canceled取消操作
ENOKEY126Required key not available所需键不可用
EKEYEXPIRED127Key has expired关键已过期
EKEYREVOKED128Key has been revoked关键被撤销
EKEYREJECTED129Key was rejected by service关键被拒绝服务
EOWNERDEAD130Owner died所有者死亡
ENOTRECOVERABLE131State not recoverable状态不可恢复
ERFKILL132Operation not possible due to RF-kill由于RF-kill而无法操作

暂时记录这么多，133-255全是Unknown error

二、错误处理函数

许多不同的函数库都在失败时设置全局变量errno的值来指明失败原因。值得注意的是函数报告出错后必须立刻检查errno变量，因为它有可能被下一个函数调用所覆盖。
有两个非常有用的函数可以用来报告出现的错误：

#include <string.>
char *strerror(int errnum);

该函数把错误代码映射为一个字符串，对错误类型进行说明。

#include <stdio.h>
void perror(const char *s);

该函数也把errno变量中报告的错误应为到一个字符串，并把它输出到标准错误输出流。

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专栏目录
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一、基础环境        操作系统：Windows 或 Linux        数据库版本：Oracle Database 11.2.0.1.0 及以上版 二、错误代码、产生原因及处理方案 ORA-12560: TNS: 协议适配器错误        原因分析：此错误常见于 Windows 平台，出现此错误的原因是系统当前默认的ORACLE_SID 不可用或不正确。        处理方案：查看系统当前默认的ORACLE_SID 的方法是：使用快捷键【Windows】+【R】打开【运行】对话框，输入【regedit】按回车键，即可打开注册表，在地址栏输入： 计算机\HKEY_LOCAL_
linux 网络编程源代码
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第一章 概论 ..................................................................................................................1 1.1 网络的历史.......................................................................................................1 1.2 OSI 模型...........................................................................................................3 1.3 Internet 体系模型..............................................................................................4 1.4 客户/服务器模型...............................................................................................5 1.4 UNIX 的历史 ...................................................................................................7 1.4.1 Unix 诞生前的故事 .................................................................................7 1.4.2 UNIX 的诞生..........................................................................................8 1.4.3 1979 – UNIX 第七版 ............................................................................. 10 1.4.4 UNIX 仅仅是历史吗?............................................................................. 11 1.5 Linux 的发展.................................................................................................. 11 1.5.1 Linux 的发展历史 .................................................................................. 12 1.5.2 什么叫 GNU？ ...................................................................................... 12 1.5.3 Linux 的特色 ........................................................................................ 13 1.5.4 硬件需求............................................................................................... 14 1.5.5 Linux 可用的软件 ................................................................................. 14 1.5.6 为什么选择 Linux ？ ............................................................................ 15 1.6 Linux 和 Unix 的发展 .................................................................................... 15 第二章 UNIX/Linux 模型...............................................................................................17 2.1 UNIX/Linux 基本结构.......................................................................................17 2.2 输入和输出......................................................................................................19 2.2.1 UNIX/Linux 文件系统简介 ......................................................................19 2.2.2 流和标准 I/O 库......................................................................................20 2.3 进程 ................................................................................................................21 第三章 进程控制 ..........................................................................................................22 3.1 进程的建立与运行 ...........................................................................................22 3.1.1 进程的概念 ............................................................................................22 3.1.2 进程的建立 ............................................................................................22 3.1.3 进程的运行 ............................................................................................24 3.1.4 数据和文件描述符的继承 .......................................................................29 3.2 进程的控制操作...............................................................................................31 3.2.1 进程的终止 ............................................................................................31 3.2.2 进程的同步 ............................................................................................32 3.2.3 进程终止的特殊情况 ..............................................................................33 3.2.4 进程控制的实例 .....................................................................................33 3.3 进程的属性......................................................................................................38 3.3.1 进程标识符 ............................................................................................38 3.3.2 进程的组标识符 .....................................................................................39 3.3.3 进程环境................................................................................................40 3.3.4 进程的当前目录 .....................................................................................42 3.3.5 进程的有效标识符..................................................................................43 3.3.6 进程的资源 ............................................................................................44 3.3.7 进程的优先级.........................................................................................45 3.4 守护进程 .........................................................................................................46 3.4.1 简介.......................................................................................................46 3.4.2 守护进程的启动 ............................................................................................46 3.4.3 守护进程的错误输出 ..............................................................................46 3.4.4 守护进程的建立 .....................................................................................48 3.5 本章小结 .........................................................................................................49 第四章 进程间通信.......................................................................................................50 4.1 进程间通信的一些基本概念 .............................................................................50 4.2 信号 ................................................................................................................50 4.2.1 信号的处理 ............................................................................................52 4.2.2 信号与系统调用的关系...........................................................................54 4.2.3 信号的复位 ............................................................................................55 4.2.4 在进程间发送信号..................................................................................56 4.2.5 系统调用 alarm()和 pause()......................................................................58 4.2.6 系统调用 setjmp()和 longjmp().................................................................62 4.3 管道 ................................................................................................................63 4.3.1 用 C 来建立、使用管道 ..........................................................................65 4.3.2 需要注意的问题 .....................................................................................72 4.4 有名管道 .........................................................................................................72 4.4.1 有名管道的创建 .....................................................................................72 4.4.2 有名管道的 I/O 使用...............................................................................73 4.4.3 未提到的关于有名管道的一些注意 .........................................................75 4.5 文件和记录锁定...............................................................................................75 4.5.1 实例程序及其说明..................................................................................75 4.5.2 锁定中的几个概念..................................................................................78 4.5.3 System V 的咨询锁定..............................................................................78 4.5.4 BSD 的咨询式锁定 .................................................................................79 4.5.5 前面两种锁定方式的比较 .......................................................................81 4.5.6 Linux 的其它上锁技术 ............................................................................81 4.6 System V IPC ...................................................................................................84 4.6.1 ipcs 命令 ................................................................................................85 4.6.2 ipcrm 命令..............................................................................................86 4.7 消息队列（ Message Queues） ...........................................................................86 4.7.1 有关的数据结构 .....................................................................................86 4.7.2 有关的函数 ............................................................................................89 4.7.3 消息队列实例—— msgtool，一个交互式的消息队列使用工具 ..................94 4.8 信号量(Semaphores) .........................................................................................97 4.8.1 有关的数据结构 .....................................................................................98 4.8.2 有关的函数 ............................................................................................99 4.8.3 信号量的实例—— semtool，交互式的信号量使用工具...........................103 4.9 共享内存(Shared Memory) ..............................................................................109 4.9.1 有关的数据结构 ...................................................................................109 4.9.2 有关的函数 .......................................................................................... 110 4.9.3 共享内存应用举例—— shmtool,交互式的共享内存使用工具................... 112 4.9.4 共享内存与信号量的结合使用 .............................................................. 114 第五章 通信协议简介 .................................................................................................120 5.1 引言 ..............................................................................................................120 5.2 XNS（ Xerox Network Systems）概述..............................................................120 5.2.1 XNS 分层结构......................................................................................120 5.3 IPX/SPX 协议概述........................................................................................122 5.3.1 网际包交换（ IPX） .............................................................................122 5.3.2 排序包交换（ SPX） .............................................................................124 5.4 Net BIOS 概述................................................................................................124 5.5 Apple Talk 概述 ..............................................................................................125 5.6 TCP/IP 概述...................................................................................................126 5.6.1 TCP/IP 结构模型 ..................................................................................126 5.6.2 Internet 协议（ IP） ...............................................................................127 5.6.3 传输控制协议（ TCP） .........................................................................132 5.6.4 用户数据报文协议................................................................................134 5.7 小结 ..............................................................................................................135 第六章 Berkeley 套接字 ............................................................................................. 136 6.1 引言 ............................................................................................................. 136 6.2 概述 ............................................................................................................. 136 6.2.1 Socket 的历史...................................................................................... 136 6.2.2 Socket 的功能...................................................................................... 136 6.2.3 套接字的三种类型............................................................................... 138 6.3 Linux 支配的网络协议................................................................................... 141 6.3.1 什么是 TCP/IP? ................................................................................... 141 6.4 套接字地址................................................................................................... 142 6.4.1 什么是 Socket？ .................................................................................. 142 6.4.2 Socket 描述符...................................................................................... 142 6.4.3 一个套接字是怎样在网络上传输数据的？ ............................................ 143 6.5 套接字的一些基本知识 ................................................................................. 144 6.5.1 基本结构............................................................................................. 144 6.5.2 基本转换函数...................................................................................... 145 6.6 基本套接字调用............................................................................................ 147 6.6.1 socket() 函数....................................................................................... 147 6.6.2 bind() 函数 ......................................................................................... 148 6.6.3 connect()函数 ...................................................................................... 150 6.6.4 listen() 函数........................................................................................ 151 6.6.5 accept()函数 ........................................................................................ 152 6.6.6 send()、 recv()函数 ............................................................................... 154 6.6.7 sendto() 和 recvfrom() 函数 ................................................................. 155 6.6.8 close()和 shutdown()函数...................................................................... 156 6.6.9 setsockopt() 和 getsockopt() 函数 ......................................................... 157 6.6.10 getpeername()函数.............................................................................. 157 6.6.11 gethostname()函数.............................................................................. 158 6.7 DNS 的操作.................................................................................................. 158 6.7.1 理解 DNS............................................................................................ 158 6.7.2 和 DNS 有关的函数和结构 .................................................................. 158 6.7.3 DNS 例程............................................................................................ 159 6.8 套接字的 Client/Server 结构实现的例子.......................................................... 160 6.8.1 简单的流服务器 .................................................................................. 161 6.8.2 简单的流式套接字客户端程序 ............................................................. 163 6.8.3 数据报套接字例程（ DatagramSockets） ............................................... 165 6.9 保留端口 ...................................................................................................... 169 6.9.1 简介.................................................................................................... 169 6.9.2 保留端口............................................................................................. 170 6.10 五种 I/O 模式................................................................................................. 179 6.10.1 阻塞 I/O 模式 .................................................................................... 179 6.10.2 非阻塞模式 I/O.................................................................................. 180 6.10.3 I/O 多路复用 ..................................................................................... 181 6.10.4 信号驱动 I/O 模式 ............................................................................. 182 6.10.5 异步 I/O 模式 .................................................................................... 185 6.10.6 几种 I/O 模式的比较.......................................................................... 186 6.10.7 fcntl()函数 ......................................................................................... 186 6.10.8 套接字选择项 select()函数.................................................................. 187 6.11 带外数据..................................................................................................... 190 6.11.1 TCP 的带外数据 ................................................................................ 190 6.11.2 OOB 传输套接字例程（服务器代码 Server.c） ................................... 193 6.11.3 OOB 传输套接字例程（客户端代码 Client.c） .................................... 196 6.11.4 编译例子 ........................................................................................... 199 6.12 使用 Inetd（ Internet 超级服务器） ............................................................... 199 6.12.1 简介.................................................................................................. 199 6.12.2 一个简单的 inetd 使用的服务器程序 hello inet service.......................... 199 6.12.3 /etc/services 和 /etc/inetd.conf 文件 ..................................................... 200 6.12.4 一个复杂一些的 inetd 服务器程序 ...................................................... 201 6.12.5 一个更加复杂的 inetd 服务器程序 ...................................................... 203 6.12.6 程序必须遵守的安全性准则............................................................... 205 6.12.7 小结.................................................................................................. 205 6.13 本章总结 .................................................................................................... 205 第七章 网络安全性.....................................................................................................206 7.1 网络安全简介 ................................................................................................206 7.1.1 网络安全的重要性................................................................................206 7.1.2 信息系统安全的脆弱性.........................................................................207 7.2 Linux 网络不安全的因素 ................................................................................209 7.3 Linux 程序员安全........................................................................................... 211 7.3.1 系统子程序 ..........................................................................................212 7.3.2 标准 C 函数库.......................................................................................214 7.3.3 书写安全的 C 程序................................................................................216 7.3.4 SUID/SGID 程序指导准则......................................................................217 7.3.5 root 程序的设计....................................................................................218 7.4 小结 ..............................................................................................................219 第八章 Ping 例程 .......................................................................................................220 8.1 Ping 命令简介 ................................................................................................220 8.2 Ping 的基本原理.............................................................................................220 8.3 小结 ..............................................................................................................221 第九章 tftp 例程.........................................................................................................222 9.1 tftp 协议简介..................................................................................................222 9.2 tftp 的使用 .....................................................................................................222 9.3 tftp 的原理 .....................................................................................................223 9.3 tftp 的基本结构 ..............................................................................................223 9.4 小节 ..............................................................................................................225 第十章 远程命令执行 .................................................................................................226 10.1 引言 ............................................................................................................226 10.2 rcmd 函数和 rshd 服务器...............................................................................227 10.3 rexec 函数和 rexecd 服务器...........................................................................233 第十一章 远程注册.....................................................................................................235 11.1 简介.............................................................................................................235 11.2 终端行律和伪终端........................................................................................235 11.3 终端方式字和控制终端.................................................................................239 11.4 rlogin 概述....................................................................................................242 11.5 窗口环境......................................................................................................242 11.6 流控制与伪终端方式字.................................................................................243 11.7 rlogin 客户程序.............................................................................................245 11.8 rlogin 服务器 ................................................................................................246 第十二章 远程过程调用..............................................................................................249 12.1 引言 ............................................................................................................249 12.2 远程过程调用模型 .......................................................................................249 12.3 传统过程调用和远程过程调用的比较 ...........................................................250 12.4 远程过程调用的定义....................................................................................252 12.5 远程过程调用的有关问题.............................................................................252 12.5.1 远程过程调用传送协议.......................................................................253 12.5.2 Sun RPC ...........................................................................................254 12.5.3 Xerox Courier ....................................................................................254 12.5.4 Apollo RPC........................................................................................255 12.6 stub 过程简介...............................................................................................256 12.7 rpcgen 简介 ..................................................................................................256 12.8 分布式程序生成的例子 ................................................................................257 12.8.1 我们如何能够构造出一个分布式应用程序...........................................257 12.9 小结 ............................................................................................................283 第十三章 远程磁带的访问 ..........................................................................................284 13.1 简介 ............................................................................................................284 13.2 Linux 磁带驱动器的处理 ..............................................................................285 13.3 rmt 协议.......................................................................................................285 13.4 rmt 服务器设计分析 .....................................................................................286 第十四章 WWW 上 HTTP 协议.................................................................................. 290 14.1　引言............................................................................................................ 290 14.2 HTTP 客户请求........................................................................................... 290 14.2.1 客户端 .............................................................................................. 290 14.2.2 服务器端........................................................................................... 290 14.2.3 Web 请求简介.................................................................................... 291 14.2.4 HTTP – HyperText Transfer Protocol 超文本传输协议 ........................... 295 14.3 Web 编程 .................................................................................................... 297 14.4 小结 ........................................................................................................... 301 附录 A 有关网络通信的服务和网络库函数...................................................................302 附录 B Vi 使用简介.....................................................................................................319 B.1 Vi 基本观念...................................................................................................319 B.1.1 进入与离开..........................................................................................319 B.1.2 Vi 输入模式 .........................................................................................319 B.2 Vi 基本编辑...................................................................................................320 B.2.1 删除与修改..........................................................................................320 B.3 Vi 进阶应用...................................................................................................320 B.3.1 移动光标 .............................................................................................320 B.3.2 进阶编辑命令 ......................................................................................322 B.3.3 文件命令 .............................................................................................322 附录 C Linux 下 C 语言使用与调试简介 ......................................................................324 C.1 C 语言编程 ...................................................................................................324 C.2 什么是 C? .....................................................................................................324 C.3 GNU C 编译器...............................................................................................324 C.3.1 使用 GCC............................................................................................324 C.3.2 GCC 选项 ............................................................................................325 C.3.3 优化选项 .............................................................................................325 C.3.4 调试和剖析选项...................................................................................325 C.3.5 用 gdb 调试 GCC 程序..........................................................................326 C.4 另外的 C 编程工具 ........................................................................................330 C.4.1 Xxgdb..................................................................................................330 C.4.2 Calls ....................................................................................................331 C.4.3 cproto ..................................................................................................332 C.4.4 Indent ..................................................................................................333 C.4.5 Gprof...................................................................................................334 C.4.6 f2c 和 p2c ............................................................................................335 附录 D Ping 源码 ........................................................................................................336 附录 E TFTP 服务器程序源码 .....................................................................................362
XFS : log mount mount/recovery failed : error -22 是什么意思？
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XFS : log mount mount/recovery failed : error -22 意思是在使用XFS文件系统时，日志挂载(log mount)和恢复挂载(mount/recovery)都失败了，并且返回了错误代码-22。这可能是由于文件系统或磁盘损坏导致的。建议检查磁盘错误并尝试修复文件系统。 ...
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LINUX系统移植及UBOOT代码分析.zip
08-24
Linux系统移植 目 录 第一部分 前言....................................................................................................................................8 1 硬件环境......................................................................................................................................8 1.1 主机硬件环境.......................................................................................................................8 1.2 目标板硬件环境...................................................................................................................8 1.3 工具介绍...............................................................................................................................8 2 软件环境.......................................................................................................................................8 2.1 主机软件环境.......................................................................................................................8 2.1.1 Windows 操作系统.......................................................................................................8 2.1.2 Linux 操作系统 .......................................................................................................8 2.1.3 目标板最后运行的环境...............................................................................................9 2.2 Linux 下工作用户及环境....................................................................................................9 2.2.1 交叉工具的安装...........................................................................................................9 2.2.2 u­boot移植工作目录....................................................................................................9 2.2.3 内核及应用程序移植工作...........................................................................................9 2.3 配置系统服务.....................................................................................................................10 2.3.1 tftp 服务器的配置.......................................................................................................10 2.4 工具使用.............................................................................................................................12 2.4.1 minicom的使用..........................................................................................................12 3 作者介绍....................................................................................................................................13 3.1 策划, 组织, 指导, 发布者...................................................................................................13 3.2 ADS bootloader部分..........................................................................................................13 3.3 交叉工具部分.....................................................................................................................13 3.4 uboot 部分...........................................................................................................................13 3.5 内核部分.............................................................................................................................13 3.6 应用程序部分.....................................................................................................................13 3.7 网卡驱动部分.....................................................................................................................13 3.8 Nand Flash 驱动部分.........................................................................................................13 第二部分 系统启动bootloader 的编写(ADS).................................................................................14 1 工具介绍....................................................................................................................................14 1.1 ADS 命令行命令介绍........................................................................................................14 1.1.1 armasm........................................................................................................................14 1.1.2 armcc, armcpp.............................................................................................................14 1.1.3 armlink.........................................................................................................................14 2 基本原理....................................................................................................................................15 2.1 可执行文件组成及内存映射.............................................................................................15 2.1.1 可执行文件的组成.....................................................................................................15 2.1.2 装载过程.....................................................................................................................16 2.1.3 启动过程的汇编部分.................................................................................................17 2.1.4 启动过程的 C部分.....................................................................................................17 3 AXD的使用以及源代码说明...................................................................................................18 3.1 源代码说明.........................................................................................................................18 3.1.1 汇编源代码说明.........................................................................................................18 3.1.2 C语言源代码说明......................................................................................................23 3.1.3 源代码下载.................................................................................................................23 3.2 AXD的使用.......................................................................................................................23 3.2.1 配置仿真器.................................................................................................................23 3.2.2 启动 AXD 配置开发板...............................................................................................23 第三部分 GNU交叉工具链.............................................................................................................25 1  设置环境变量，准备源码及相关补丁...................................................................................25 1.1 设置环境变量.....................................................................................................................25 1. 2 准备源码包............................................................................................................................25 1.2.1 binuils..........................................................................................................................25 1.2.2 gcc...............................................................................................................................25 1.2.3 glibc.............................................................................................................................25 1.2.4 linux kernel..................................................................................................................26 1.3 准备补丁.............................................................................................................................26 1.3.1 ioperm.c.diff................................................................................................................26 1.3.2 flow.c.diff....................................................................................................................26 1.3.3 t­linux.diff....................................................................................................................26 1.4   编译 GNU binutils...........................................................................................................26 1.5 准备内核头文件.................................................................................................................26 1.5.1 使用当前平台的 gcc编译内核头文件......................................................................26 1.5.2 复制内核头文件.........................................................................................................27 1.6   译编glibc头文件.............................................................................................................27 1.7   编译gcc第一阶段............................................................................................................27 1.8   编译完整的glibc..............................................................................................................27 1.9  编译完整的gcc.................................................................................................................28 2 GNU 交叉工具链的下载...........................................................................................................28 2.1 ARM 官方网站...................................................................................................................28 2.2 本文档提供的下载.............................................................................................................28 3 GNU 交叉工具链的介绍与使用...............................................................................................29 3.1 常用工具介绍.....................................................................................................................29 3.2.1 arm­linux­gcc的使用.................................................................................................29 3.2.2 arm­linux­ar 和 arm­linux­ranlib 的使用..................................................................30 3.2.3 arm­linux­objdump 的使用.........................................................................................30 3.2.4 arm­linux­readelf 的使用............................................................................................31 3.2.6 arm­linux­copydump 的使用......................................................................................32 4 ARM GNU 常用汇编语言介绍.................................................................................................32 4.1 ARM GNU常用汇编伪指令介绍.....................................................................................32 4.2 ARM GNU专有符号.........................................................................................................33 4.3 操作码.................................................................................................................................33 5 可执行生成说明........................................................................................................................33 5.1 lds文件说明.......................................................................................................................33 5.1.1 主要符号说明.............................................................................................................33 5.1.2 段定义说明.................................................................................................................34 第四部分 u­boot 的移植...................................................................................................................35 1 u­boot的介绍及系统结构.........................................................................................................35 1.1 u­boot 介绍.........................................................................................................................35 1.2 获取u­boot.........................................................................................................................35 1.3 u­boot 体系结构.................................................................................................................35 1.3.1 u­boot目录结构..........................................................................................................35 2 uboot的启动过程及工作原理...................................................................................................36 2.1 启动模式介绍.....................................................................................................................36 2.2 阶段1 介绍.........................................................................................................................36 2.2.1 定义入口.....................................................................................................................36 2.2.2 设置异常向量.............................................................................................................37 2.2.3 设置 CPU的模式为SVC模式..................................................................................37 2.2.4 关闭看门狗.................................................................................................................37 2.2.5 禁掉所有中断.............................................................................................................37 2.2.6 设置以 CPU的频率....................................................................................................37 2.2.7 设置 CP15...................................................................................................................37 2.2.8 配置内存区控制寄存器.............................................................................................38 2.2.9 安装 U­BOOT 使的栈空间........................................................................................38 2.2.10 BSS 段清 0................................................................................................................38 2.2.11 搬移 Nand Flash 代码...............................................................................................39 2.2.12 进入 C代码部分.......................................................................................................39 2.3 阶段2 的C语言代码部分　.............................................................................................39 2.3.1 调用一系列的初始化函数.........................................................................................39 2.3.2 初始化网络设备.........................................................................................................41 2.3.3 进入主 UBOOT 命令行..............................................................................................41 2.4 代码搬运.............................................................................................................................41 3 uboot的移植过程.......................................................................................................................42 3.1 环境.....................................................................................................................................42 3.2 步骤.....................................................................................................................................42 3.2.1 修改 Makefile..............................................................................................................42 3.2.2 在 board 子目录中建立 crane2410.............................................................................42 3.2.3 在 include/configs/中建立配置头文件......................................................................42 3.2.4 指定交叉编译工具的路径.........................................................................................42 3.2.5 测试编译能否成功.....................................................................................................42 3.2.6 修改 lowlevel_init.S 文件...........................................................................................43 3.2.9 UBOOT 的 Nand Flash 移植......................................................................................45 3.2.8 重新编译u­boot..........................................................................................................45 3.2.9 把 u­boot烧入flash....................................................................................................45 4  U­BOOT 命令的使用................................................................................................................46 4.1 U­BOOT命令的介绍.........................................................................................................46 4.1.1 获得帮助信息.............................................................................................................46 4.2 常用命令使用说明.............................................................................................................47 4.2.1 askenv(F).....................................................................................................................47 4.2.2 autoscr.........................................................................................................................47 4.2.3 base   ...........................................................................................................................47 4.2.4 bdinfo...........................................................................................................................47 4.2.5 bootp............................................................................................................................47 4.2.8 tftp(tftpboot)................................................................................................................48 4.2.9 bootm...........................................................................................................................48 4.2.10 go...............................................................................................................................48 4.2.11 cmp   .........................................................................................................................48 4.2.12 coninfo  .....................................................................................................................48 4.2.13 cp...............................................................................................................................48 4.2.14 date............................................................................................................................49 4.2.15 erase(F)......................................................................................................................49 4.2.16 flinfo(F).....................................................................................................................49 4.2.17 iminfo........................................................................................................................49 4.2.18 loadb..........................................................................................................................49 4.2.19 md..............................................................................................................................49 4.2.20 mm ............................................................................................................................50 4.2.21 mtest   .......................................................................................................................50 4.2.22 mw.............................................................................................................................50 4.2.23 nm   ...........................................................................................................................50 4.2.24 printenv......................................................................................................................50 4.2.25 ping  ..........................................................................................................................51 4.2.26 reset...........................................................................................................................51 4.2.27 run   ...........................................................................................................................51 4.2.28 saveenv(F).................................................................................................................51 4.2.29 setenv.........................................................................................................................51 4.2.30 sleep...........................................................................................................................51 4.2.31 version.......................................................................................................................51 4.2.32 nand info....................................................................................................................51 4.2.33 nand device ........................................................................................................51 4.2.34 nand bad....................................................................................................................51 4.2.35 nand read...................................................................................................................52 4.2.36 nand erease................................................................................................................52 4.2.37 nand write..................................................................................................................52 4.3 命令简写说明.....................................................................................................................52 4.4 把文件写入NandFlash.......................................................................................................53 4.5 下载提供.............................................................................................................................53 5 参考资料....................................................................................................................................53 第五部分 linux 2.6 内核的移植.......................................................................................................53 1 内核移植过程............................................................................................................................53 1.1 下载linux 内核...................................................................................................................53 1.2 修改Makefile.....................................................................................................................53 1.3 设置flash 分区...................................................................................................................54 1.3.1 指明分区信息.............................................................................................................54 1.3.2 指定启动时初始化.....................................................................................................56 1.3.3 禁止 Flash ECC校验 ................................................................................................56 1.4 配置内核.............................................................................................................................56 1.4.1 支持启动时挂载 devfs................................................................................................56 1.4.2 配置内核产生.config 文件.........................................................................................57 1.4.3 编译内核.....................................................................................................................58 1.4.4 下载 zImage到开发板................................................................................................58 2 创建 uImage................................................................................................................................61 2.1 相关技术背景介绍.............................................................................................................61 2.2 在内核中创建uImage 的方法...........................................................................................61 2.2.1 获取 mkimage工具.....................................................................................................61 2.2.2 修改内核的 Makefile文件.........................................................................................61 3 追加实验记录.............................................................................................................................62 3.1 移植 linux­2.6.15.7..............................................................................................................62 3.2 移植 linux­2.6.16.21............................................................................................................62 3.3 移植linux­2.6.17................................................................................................................62 4 参考资料....................................................................................................................................62 第六部分 应用程序的移植..............................................................................................................63 1 构造目标板的根目录及文件系统.............................................................................................63 1.1 建立一个目标板的空根目录.............................................................................................63 1.2 在 my_rootfs 中建立Linux 目录树...................................................................................63 1.3 创建linuxrc文件................................................................................................................63 2 移植 Busybox.............................................................................................................................64 2.1 下载busybox......................................................................................................................64 2.3 编译并安装Busybox..........................................................................................................65 3 移植 TinyLogin...........................................................................................................................66 3.1 下载.....................................................................................................................................66 3.2 修改tinyLogin 的 Makefile................................................................................................66 3.3 编译并安装.........................................................................................................................66 4 相关配置文件的创建................................................................................................................66 4.1 创建帐号及密码文件.........................................................................................................66 4.2 创建profile文件................................................................................................................67 4.4 创建fstab 文件...................................................................................................................67 4.5 创建inetd.conf 配置文件...................................................................................................67 5 移植 inetd....................................................................................................................................67 5.1 inetd 的选择及获取............................................................................................................67 5.1.1 获取 inetd....................................................................................................................67 5.2 编译inetd............................................................................................................................67 5.2.1 修改 configure文件....................................................................................................67 5.2.2 编译 ...........................................................................................................................68 5.3 配置inetd............................................................................................................................68 5.3.1 拷贝 inetd 到根文件系统的usr/sbin 目录中.............................................................68 6 移植 thttpd Web 服务器.............................................................................................................69 6.1 下载.....................................................................................................................................69 6.2 编译thttpd...........................................................................................................................69 6.3 配置.....................................................................................................................................69 6.3.1 拷贝 thttpd 二进制可执行文件到根文件系统/usr/sbin/目录中...............................69 6.3.2 修改 thttpd 配置文件..................................................................................................69 6.3.3 转移到根文件系统目录，创建相应的文件.............................................................69 7 建立根目录文件系统包............................................................................................................70 7.1 建立CRAMFS 包...............................................................................................................70 7.1.1 下载 cramfs 工具........................................................................................................70 7.1.2 制作 cramfs 包............................................................................................................70 7.1.3 写 cramfs 包到Nand Flash.........................................................................................70 8 参考资料....................................................................................................................................70 第七部分 Nand flash 驱动的编写与移植........................................................................................71 1 Nand flash 工作原理..................................................................................................................71 1.1 Nand flash 芯片工作原理..................................................................................................71 1.1.1 芯片内部存储布局及存储操作特点.........................................................................71 1.1.2 重要芯片引脚功能.....................................................................................................71 1.1.3 寻址方式.....................................................................................................................71 1.1.4 Nand flash 主要内设命令详细介绍...........................................................................72 1.2 Nand Flash 控制器工作原理.............................................................................................72 1.2.1 Nand Flash 控制器特性..............................................................................................72 1.2.2 Nand Flash 控制器工作原理......................................................................................72 1.3 Nand flash 控制器中特殊功能寄存器详细介绍 ............................................................72 1.4 Nand Flash 控制器中的硬件ECC介绍............................................................................73 1.4.1 ECC产生方法............................................................................................................73 1.4.2 ECC生成器工作过程................................................................................................74 1.4.3 ECC的运用................................................................................................................74 2 在 ADS下flash 烧写程序.........................................................................................................74 2.1 ADS 下 flash 烧写程序原理及结构...................................................................................74 2.2 第三层实现说明.................................................................................................................74 2.1.1 特殊功能寄存器定义.................................................................................................74 2.1.2 操作的函数实现.........................................................................................................74 2.3 第二层实现说明.................................................................................................................75 2.3.1 Nand Flash 初始化......................................................................................................75 2.3.3 获取 Nand flash ID......................................................................................................75 2.3.4 Nand flash 写入...........................................................................................................76 2.3.5 Nand flash 读取...........................................................................................................77 2.3.6 Nand flash 标记坏块...................................................................................................78 2.3.7 Nand Flash 检查坏块..................................................................................................79 2.3.8 擦除指定块中数据.....................................................................................................79 2.4  第一层的实现....................................................................................................................80 3 在 U­BOOT 对Nand Flash 的支持............................................................................................82 3.1 U­BOOT对从 Nand Flash 启动的支持.............................................................................82 3.1.1 从 Nand Flash 启动U­BOOT 的基本原理................................................................82 3.1.2 支持 Nand Flash 启动代码说明.................................................................................82 3.2 U­BOOT对 Nand Flash 命令的支持.................................................................................84 3.2.1 主要数据结构介绍.....................................................................................................84 3.2.2 支持的命令函数说明.................................................................................................85 4 在 Linux 对Nand Flash 的支持.................................................................................................87 4.1 Linux 下Nand Flash 调用关系..........................................................................................87 4.1.1 Nand Flash 设备添加时数据结构包含关系..............................................................87 4.1.2 Nand Flash 设备注册时数据结构包含关系..............................................................87 4.2 Linux 下Nand Flash 驱动主要数据结构说明..................................................................88 4.2.1 s3c2410 专有数据结构...............................................................................................88 4.2.2 Linux 通用数据结构说明..........................................................................................89 4.3.1 注册 driver_register....................................................................................................94 4.3.2 探测设备 probe...........................................................................................................94 4.3.3 初始化 Nand Flash 控制器.........................................................................................94 4.3.4 移除设备.....................................................................................................................94 4.3.5 Nand Flash 芯片初始化..............................................................................................94 4.3.6  读 Nand  Flash............................................................................................................95 4.3.7  写 Nand Flash.............................................................................................................95 第八部分 Cs8900a网卡驱动的编写与移植...................................................................................95 1 Cs8900a工作原理......................................................................................................................95 2 在 ADS下cs8900a的实现........................................................................................................95 2.1 在 cs8900a下实现的ping 工具.........................................................................................95 3 在 u­boot下cs8900a的支持......................................................................................................96 3.1 u­boot 下cs8900a的驱动介绍...........................................................................................96 3.2 u­boot 下cs8900a的移植说明...........................................................................................96 4 在 linux 下cs8900a驱动的编写与移植....................................................................................96 4.1 Linux 下cs8900a的驱动说明............................................................................................96 4.2 Linux 下 cs8900a的移植说明...........................................................................................96 4.2.1 为 cs8900a建立编译菜单..........................................................................................96 4.2.2 修改 S3C2410相关信息............................................................................................97 序 该文档的目的是总结我们在工作中的一些经验，并把它们分享给喜欢 ARM 和 Linux 的朋友, 如有错误 之处,请大家多多指点. 同样, 我们也希望更多人能把自己的工作经验和体会加入该文档,让大家共同进步. 该文档是一份交流性文档, 只供个人学习与交流,不允许公司和企业用于商业行为
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