处理器核设计技术及其量化分析基础
一、重要性能参数计算
Efficiency(性能):Performance(执行)
Execution Time = IC*CPI*CCT
IC = instruction count 影响因素:OS overhead、compiler choice……
CPI = cycles per instruction 影响因素:memory latency、IO latency……
CCT = 1/frequency 影响因素:cache org.、power budget……
CPI = CPI-base + CPI-stalls
stalls由于数据冒险(RAW,WAW,WAR)、控制冒险(JUMP,BRANCH)和内存延迟(large memories are slow)
Efficiency:Power(功率)&Energy(能耗)
Power = C*V2*F + Vdd*lleakage
加号左边动态功率(when calculating):C:晶体管的电容,V:电源,F:频率(电容充放电功耗和短路功耗,是由电路的翻转造成的)
加号右边静态功率(when idling):Vdd:电源电压,l
leakage:晶体管当前漏电流 (漏电流功耗,是电路状态稳定时的功耗,其数量级很小)
Power/area
Energy = Power*Execution Time
Energy/instruction
二、现代处理器核设计技术基础
流水线
分支预测Branch Prediction
BHT(branch history table)predicting the branch condition
BTB(branch target buffer)predicting the target address
寄存器重命名Register Renaming
dealing with WAR&WAW
乱序执行Out-of-Order Execution
dealing with unnecessary ordering
重排序缓存区Re-order Buffer
dealing with precise exceptions
数据级并行处理Data Parallel Processing:SIMD/Vector Extensions