走进处理器核设计

处理器核设计技术及其量化分析基础

一、重要性能参数计算

Efficiency(性能)：Performance(执行)

Execution Time = IC*CPI*CCT

IC = instruction count 影响因素：OS overhead、compiler choice……

CPI = cycles per instruction 影响因素：memory latency、IO latency……

CCT = 1/frequency 影响因素：cache org.、power budget……

CPI = CPI-base + CPI-stalls

stalls由于数据冒险(RAW,WAW,WAR)、控制冒险(JUMP,BRANCH)和内存延迟(large memories are slow)

Efficiency：Power(功率)&Energy(能耗)

Power = C*V²*F + Vdd*l_leakage

加号左边动态功率(when calculating)：C：晶体管的电容，V：电源，F：频率(电容充放电功耗和短路功耗,是由电路的翻转造成的)

加号右边静态功率(when idling)：Vdd：电源电压，l _leakage：晶体管当前漏电流 (漏电流功耗，是电路状态稳定时的功耗，其数量级很小)

Power/area

Energy = Power*Execution Time

Energy/instruction

二、现代处理器核设计技术基础

流水线

分支预测Branch Prediction

BHT(branch history table)predicting the branch condition

BTB(branch target buffer)predicting the target address

寄存器重命名Register Renaming

dealing with WAR&WAW

乱序执行Out-of-Order Execution

dealing with unnecessary ordering

重排序缓存区Re-order Buffer

dealing with precise exceptions

数据级并行处理Data Parallel Processing：SIMD/Vector Extensions